{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:25:28Z","timestamp":1787991928846,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-1351370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-1351370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fog harvesting of the Namib desert beetles has inspired many researchers to design artificial fog harvesting hybrid surfaces, which commonly involve flat hydrophilic patterns on hydrophobic surfaces. However, relatively less interest has been shown in the bumpy topography of the Namib desert beetle\u2019s dorsal surface as well as its curved body shape when designing artificial hybrid surfaces. In this work, we explore a fog harvesting flexible hybrid surface that has a superhydrophilic 3D copper oxide pattern on a hydrophobic rough elastomer background surface enabled by transferring a copper layer from a prepared donor substrate to a receiving elastomer substrate. The water collection rates of the hybrid surface and control samples are measured, and the results reveal the advantages of 3D bumpy structures on a curved shape surface to facilitate fog harvesting, particularly in more unfavorable fog stream conditions. The curved 3D bumpy hybrid surface exhibits an over 16 times higher water collection rate than the flat 2D hybrid surface in the fog stream in parallel to the hybrid surface. This work provides an improved understanding of the role of the Namib desert beetle\u2019s bumpy dorsal surface and curved body shape, and offers an insight into the design of novel surfaces with enhanced fog harvesting performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10030201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T05:03:12Z","timestamp":1553662992000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Three-Dimensionally Structured Flexible Fog Harvesting Surfaces Inspired by Namib Desert Beetles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Green, St. Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Green, St. Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160135","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0135","article-title":"Bioinspired Materials for Water Supply and Management: Water Collection, Water Purification and Separation of Water from Oil","volume":"374","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602992","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201602992","article-title":"Bioinspired Special Wettability Surfaces: from Fundamental Research to Water Harvesting Applications","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10627","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07535","article-title":"Small Structures, Big Droplets: The Role of Nanoscience in Fog Harvesting","volume":"10","author":"Pinchasik","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/262284a0","article-title":"Fog Basking by the Namib Desert Beetle, Onymarcis unguicularis","volume":"262","author":"Hamilto","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-7-23","article-title":"Fog Basking Behavior and Water Collection Efficiency in Namib Desert Darkling Beetles","volume":"7","author":"Norgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/35102108","article-title":"Water Capture by a Desert Beetle","volume":"414","author":"Parker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5025","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400262","article-title":"Efficient Water Collection on Integrative Bioinspired Surfaces with Star Shaped Wettability Patterns","volume":"26","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600801","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201600801","article-title":"Efficient and Anisotropic Fog Harvesting on a Hybrid and Directional Surface","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA05862C","article-title":"Inkjet Printing for Direct Micropatterning of a Superhydrophobic Surface: Toward Biomimetic Fog Harvesting Surfaces","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701403","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201701403","article-title":"Desert Beetle-Inspired Superwettable Patterned Surfaces for Water Harvesting","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18963","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA04930J","article-title":"A Facile Strategy for the Fabrication of a Bioinspired Hydrophilic-Superhydrophobic Patterned Surface for Highly Efficient Fog-Harvesting","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12415","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC05857D","article-title":"High-Efficiency Water Collection on Biomimetic Material with Superwettable Patterns","volume":"52","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6154","DOI":"10.1021\/la800226e","article-title":"Mimicking the Stenocara Beetle Dewetting of Drops from a Patterned Superhydrophobic Surface","volume":"24","author":"Dorrer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b08941","article-title":"Biomimetic Water-Collecting Fabric with Light-Induced Superhydrophilic bumps","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2006.10.020","article-title":"Dew nucleation and growth","volume":"7","author":"Beysens","year":"2006","journal-title":"C. R. Physique."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16956","article-title":"Condensation on Slippery Asymmetric Bumps","volume":"531","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062403","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.90.062403","article-title":"Edge Effects on Water Droplet Condensation","volume":"90","author":"Medici","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085016","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/23\/8\/085016","article-title":"Transfer of Thin Au Films to Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with Reliable Bonding Using (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as a Molecular Adhesive","volume":"23","author":"Byun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24872","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra44072a","article-title":"Microcontact Printing Using a Flat Metal-Embedded Stamp Fabricated Using a Dry Peel-Off Process","volume":"3","author":"Byun","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03719","article-title":"Dielectrophoresis Assited Raman Spectroscopy of Intravesicular Analytes on Metallic Pyramids","volume":"88","author":"Barik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10647","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b05279","article-title":"Template-Stripped Tunable Plasmonic Devices on Stretchable and Rollable Substrates","volume":"9","author":"Yoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(71)90026-3","article-title":"The Nature of Vertical Natural Convection Flows Resulting from the Combined Buoyancy Effects of Thermal and Mass Diffusion","volume":"14","author":"Gebhart","year":"1971","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10133","DOI":"10.1021\/la5004462","article-title":"Continuous Droplet Removal upon Dropwise Condensation of Humid Air on a Hydrophobic Micropatterned Surface","volume":"30","author":"Zamuruyev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.115.074502","article-title":"Self-Propelled Droplet Removal from Hydrophobic Fiber Based Coalescers","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC01354F","article-title":"Droplet Manipulation on a Structured Shape Memory Polymer Surface","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Chip."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702839","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201702839","article-title":"Magnetically Responsive Elastomer-Silicon Hybrid Surfaces for Fluid and Light Manipulation","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33333","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b11143","article-title":"Black Silicon\/Elastomer Composite Surface with Switchable Wettability and Adhesion between Lotus and Rose Petal Effects by Mechanical Strain","volume":"38","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/10\/3\/201\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:39:51Z","timestamp":1760186391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/10\/3\/201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["mi10030201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi10030201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]}}}