{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:14:15Z","timestamp":1772172855763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR057837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR057837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AR069395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AR069395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR072613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR072613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR074458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR074458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1A2C1089456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C1089456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR074458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR074458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We evaluated the effect of electron beam (E-beam) sterilization (25 kGy, ISO 11137) on the degradation of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate\/polycaprolactone (\u03b2-TCP\/PCL) composite filaments of various ratios (0:100, 20:80, 40:60, and 60:40 TCP:PCL by mass) in a rat subcutaneous model for 24 weeks. Volumes of the samples before implantation and after explantation were measured using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The filament volume changes before sacrifice were also measured using a live micro-CT. In our micro-CT analyses, there was no significant difference in volume change between the E-beam treated groups and non-E-beam treated groups of the same \u03b2-TCP to PCL ratios, except for the 0% \u03b2-TCP group. However, the average volume reduction differences between the E-beam and non-E-beam groups in the same-ratio samples were 0.76% (0% TCP), 3.30% (20% TCP), 4.65% (40% TCP), and 3.67% (60% TCP). The E-beam samples generally had more volume reduction in all experimental groups. Therefore, E-beam treatment may accelerate degradation. In our live micro-CT analyses, most volume reduction arose in the first four weeks after implantation and slowed between 4 and 20 weeks in all groups. E-beam groups showed greater volume reduction at every time point, which is consistent with the results by micro-CT analysis. Histology results suggest the biocompatibility of TCP\/PCL composite filaments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11030273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T09:26:41Z","timestamp":1583486801000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Influence of Electron Beam Sterilization on In Vivo Degradation of \u03b2-TCP\/PCL of Different Composite Ratios for Bone Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jin-Ho","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwanju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janelle","family":"Kaneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Gon","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwanju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kumaresan","family":"Sakthiabirami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwanju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2985-3627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children\u2013Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwanju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3891-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunzhi Peter","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.033","article-title":"Scaffolds for bone healing: Concepts, materials and evidence","volume":"42","author":"Lichte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"573","article-title":"A review of materials, fabrication methods, and strategies used to enhance bone regeneration in engineered bone tissues","volume":"85","author":"Stevens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1253-3","article-title":"Vascularization in bone tissue engineering constructs","volume":"43","author":"Stahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burdick, J., and Mauck, R. (2010). Bioceramics in Tissue Engineering. Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0385-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00121-6","article-title":"Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage","volume":"24","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"107","article-title":"Fabrication of scaffolds in tissue engineering: A review","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.73.BJR-2017-0270.R1","article-title":"A review of biomaterials in bone defect healing, remaining shortcomings and future opportunities for bone tissue engineering","volume":"7","author":"Winkler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.07.029","article-title":"Bone substitutes: An update","volume":"36","author":"Giannoudis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-198802040-00011","article-title":"Tricalcium phosphate as a bone graft substitute in trauma: Preliminary report","volume":"2","author":"McAndrew","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2006.02.005","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of six electrospun poly (\u03b1-hydroxy ester)-based fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100282","article-title":"Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osteointegration","volume":"10","author":"Albrektsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.08.037","article-title":"Endothelial pattern formation in hybrid constructs of additive manufactured porous rigid scaffolds and cell-laden hydrogels","volume":"65","author":"Shanjani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23673","article-title":"Customized, degradable, functionally graded scaffold for potential treatment of early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"36","author":"Kawai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.09.030","article-title":"The effects of a functionally-graded scaffold and bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells on steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis","volume":"187","author":"Maruyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800427g","article-title":"Calcium phosphate-based osteoinductive materials","volume":"108","author":"Legeros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002","article-title":"The return of a forgotten polymer\u2014Polycaprolactone in the 21st century","volume":"35","author":"Woodruff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2013.11.017","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing","volume":"16","author":"Bose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"144","article-title":"3D bioprinting for biomedical devices and tissue engineering: A review of recent trends and advances","volume":"3","author":"Derakhshanfar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32052","article-title":"Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold degradation for 6 months in vitro and in vivo","volume":"90","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2195","article-title":"Comparison of the degradation of polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone\u2013(b-tricalcium phosphate) scaffolds in alkaline medium","volume":"56","author":"Lam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201707107","article-title":"Functionally Graded, Bone- and Tendon-Like Polyurethane for Rotator Cuff Repair","volume":"28","author":"Ker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomlins, P. (2016). Sterilization of tissue scaffolds. Characterisation and Design of Tissue Scaffolds, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-087-3.00001-8"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0130","article-title":"Effect of Electron Beam Sterilization on Three-Dimensional-Printed Polycaprolactone\/Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"25","author":"Bruyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.07.005","article-title":"Effect of sterilisation by gamma irradiation on the ability of polycaprolactone (PCL) to act as a scaffold material","volume":"31","author":"Cottam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"In Vitro Degradation of Poly(caprolactone)\/nHA Composites","volume":"2014","author":"Sandonis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"208","article-title":"The degradation profile of novel, bioresorbable PCL-TCP scaffolds: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"84","author":"Yeo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2006.05.006","article-title":"In vitro degradation of novel bioactive polycaprolactone\u201420% tricalcium phosphate composite scaffolds for bone engineering","volume":"27","author":"Lei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruyas, A., Lou, F., Stahl, A.M., Gardner, M., Maloney, W., Goodman, S., and Yang, Y.P. (2018). Systemic characterization of 3D-printed PCL\/\u03b2-TCP scaffolds for biomedical devices and bone tissue engineering: Influence of composition and porosity. J. Mater. Res., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2018.112"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1089\/10763270360697021","article-title":"Repair of calvarial defects with customized tissue-engineered bone grafts 1. Evaluation of osteogenesis in a three-dimensional culture system","volume":"9","author":"Schantz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(99)00017-8","article-title":"Degradability of radiation crosslinked PCL in the supercooled state under various environments","volume":"65","author":"Darwis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.01.066","article-title":"The effect of scaffold degradation rate on three-dimensional cell growth and angiogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Sung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"253","article-title":"In vivo biocompatibility and degradation of novel Polycaprolactone-Biphasic Calcium phosphate scaffolds used as a bone substitute","volume":"29","author":"Thuaksuban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hsieh, J. (2009). Computed Tomography: Principles, Design, Artifacts, and Recent Advances, SPIE. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramme, R., Hoffmann, K.P., and Pozos, R. (2011). Computed Tomography. Springer Handbook of Medical Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74658-4"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"101","article-title":"7.6 Computed tomography of composites","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Comp. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1179\/174328406X114117","article-title":"Artefacts in X-ray microtomography of materials","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol. Ser."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"77","article-title":"Nanofibrillated chitosan\/polycaprolactone bionanocomposite scaffold with improved tensile strength and cellular behavior","volume":"5","author":"Fadaie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomed. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17325","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA00040D","article-title":"Magnetic scaffolds of polycaprolactone with functionalized magnetite nanoparticles: Physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties effective for bone regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wypych, G. (2017). Microscopic Mechanisms of Damage Caused by Degradants. Atlas of Material Damage, ChemTec Publishing. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-927885-25-3.50007-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-008-3525-z","article-title":"Comparison of mesenchymal stem cell and osteosarcoma cell adhesion to hydroxyapatite","volume":"19","author":"Vohra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1044","article-title":"In vivo behavior of poly (1,3-trimethylene carbonate) and copolymers of 1,3-trimethylene carbonate with D,L-lactide or \u03f5-caprolactone: Degradation and tissue response","volume":"67","author":"Brouwer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.11.004","article-title":"Foreign body reaction to biomaterials","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-14-00274","article-title":"Porcine dermis-derived collagen membranes induce implantation bed vascularization via multinucleated giant cells: A physiological reaction?","volume":"41","author":"Barbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-14-00155","article-title":"Porcine Dermis and Pericardium-Based, Non\u2013Cross-Linked Materials Induce Multinucleated Giant Cells After Their In Vivo Implantation: A Physiological Reaction?","volume":"41","author":"Barbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/5\/055007","article-title":"Addition of blood to a phycogenic bone substitute leads to increased in vivo vascularization","volume":"10","author":"Barbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24153","article-title":"Preclinical Induced Membrane Model to Evaluate Synthetic Implants for Healing Critical Bone Defects Without Autograft","volume":"37","author":"DeBaun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/11\/3\/273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:04:45Z","timestamp":1760173485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/11\/3\/273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["mi11030273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi11030273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]}}}