{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T01:31:24Z","timestamp":1772501484424,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The brief presents some principles of the ON\/OFF operational strategy applied to energy management of a hybrid internal combustion engine (ICE) based auxiliary power unit (APU). It is shown that significant reduction of fuel consumption (78% for the example system presented) and maintenance expenses (80% operation time decrease was attained by the system) may be achieved by such a strategy, shifting the system operation point towards corresponding optimal region. The side effect of aggravated amount of starting events is cured by employing an actively balanced supercapacitor (SC)-based emergency starter (SCS). The SCS operates as short-time energy storage device, charging from the battery at a low rate and then providing a current burst required for proper internal combustion engine starting. Current sensorless method of automatic connection (based on bus voltage sensing) and disconnection (based on sensing the voltage across bidirectional MOSFET-based switch) of the SCS is also proposed. The proposed circuitry, successfully validated by experiments, may be arbitrarily scaled up or down according to application rating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11040438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T04:15:13Z","timestamp":1587528913000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hybrid Internal Combustion Engine Based Auxiliary Power Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Yuhimenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Baimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva 84100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7487-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moshe","family":"Sitbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Ariel University of Samaria, Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9412-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moshe","family":"Averbukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Ariel University of Samaria, Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4251-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Lineykin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Ariel University of Samaria, Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3156-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alon","family":"Kuperman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, G., Wang, S., Zhang, L., and Shang, H. 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