{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:03:51Z","timestamp":1790946231304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advancement in the miniaturization of high-density power sources, electronic circuits, and communication technologies enabled the construction of miniaturized electronic devices, implanted directly in the heart. These include pacing devices to prevent low heart rates or terminate heart rhythm abnormalities (\u2018arrhythmias\u2019), long-term rhythm monitoring devices for arrhythmia detection in unexplained syncope cases, and heart failure (HF) hemodynamic monitoring devices, enabling the real-time monitoring of cardiac pressures to detect and alert for early fluid overload. These devices were shown to prevent HF hospitalizations and improve HF patients\u2019 life quality. Pacing devices include permanent pacemakers (PPM) that maintain normal heart rates, defibrillators that are capable of fast detection and the termination of life-threatening arrhythmias, and cardiac re-synchronization devices that improve cardiac function and the survival of HF patients. Traditionally, these devices are implanted via the venous system (\u2018endovascular\u2019) using conductors (\u2018endovascular leads\/electrodes\u2019) that connect the subcutaneous device battery to the appropriate cardiac chamber. These leads are a potential source of multiple problems, including lead-failure and systemic infection resulting from the lifelong exposure of these leads to bacteria within the venous system. One of the important cardiac innovations in the last decade was the development of a leadless PPM functioning without venous leads, thus circumventing most endovascular PPM-related problems. Leadless PPM\u2019s consist of a single device, including a miniaturized power source, electronic chips, and fixating mechanism, directly implanted into the cardiac muscle. Only rare device-related problems and almost no systemic infections occur with these devices. Current leadless PPM\u2019s sense and pace only the ventricle. However, a novel leadless device that is capable of sensing both atrium and ventricle was recently FDA approved and miniaturized devices that are designed to synchronize right and left ventricles, using novel intra-body inner-device communication technologies, are under final experiments. This review will cover these novel implantable miniaturized cardiac devices and the basic algorithms and technologies that underlie their development. Advancement in the miniaturization of high-density power sources, electronic circuits, and communication technologies enabled the construction of miniaturized electronic devices, implanted directly in the heart. These include pacing devices to prevent low heart rates or terminate heart rhythm abnormalities (\u2018arrhythmias\u2019), long-term rhythm monitoring devices for arrhythmia detection in unexplained syncope cases, and heart failure (HF) hemodynamic monitoring devices, enabling the real-time monitoring of cardiac pressures to detect and alert early fluid overload. These devices were shown to prevent HF hospitalizations and improve HF patients\u2019 life quality. Pacing devices include permanent pacemakers (PPM) that maintain normal heart rates, defibrillators that are capable of fast detection and termination of life-threatening arrhythmias, and cardiac re-synchronization devices that improve cardiac function and survival of HF patients. Traditionally, these devices are implanted via the venous system (\u2018endovascular\u2019) using conductors (\u2018endovascular leads\/electrodes\u2019) that connect the subcutaneous device battery to the appropriate cardiac chamber. These leads are a potential source of multiple problems, including lead-failure and systemic infection that result from the lifelong exposure of these leads to bacteria within the venous system. The development of a leadless PPM functioning without venous leads was one of the important cardiac innovations in the last decade, thus circumventing most endovascular PPM-related problems. Leadless PPM\u2019s consist of a single device, including a miniaturized power source, electronic chips, and fixating mechanism, implanted directly into the cardiac muscle. Only rare device-related problems and almost no systemic infections occur with these devices. Current leadless PPM\u2019s sense and pace only the ventricle. However, a novel leadless device that is capable of sensing both atrium and ventricle was recently FDA approved and miniaturized devices designed to synchronize right and left ventricles, using novel intra-body inner-device communication technologies, are under final experiments. This review will cover these novel implantable miniaturized cardiac devices and the basic algorithms and technologies that underlie their development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11100902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T08:43:27Z","timestamp":1601369007000},"page":"902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cardiac Implantable Electronic Miniaturized and Micro Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moshe","family":"Rav Acha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 910000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Soifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vectorious Medical Technologies, Tel Aviv 610000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4639-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tal","family":"Hasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 910000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612263352601","article-title":"Improved survival with an implantable defibrillator in patients with coronary artery disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia (MADIT-I)","volume":"335","author":"Moss","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. 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