{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:11:34Z","timestamp":1760235094575,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Research Career Development Grant of the Thailand Science Research and Innovation and Mahidol University","award":["RSA6280102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSA6280102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The liver is a target organ of life-threatening pathogens and prominently contributes to the variation in drug responses and drug-induced liver injury among patients. Currently available drugs significantly decrease the morbidity and mortality of liver-dwelling pathogens worldwide; however, emerging clinical evidence reveals the importance of host factors in the design of safe and effective therapies for individuals, known as personalized medicine. Given the primary adherence of cells in conventional two-dimensional culture, the use of these one-size-fit-to-all models in preclinical drug development can lead to substantial failures in assessing therapeutic safety and efficacy. Advances in stem cell biology, bioengineering and material sciences allow us to develop a more physiologically relevant model that is capable of recapitulating the human liver. This report reviews the current use of liver-on-a-chip models of hepatotropic infectious diseases in the context of precision medicine including hepatitis virus and malaria parasites, assesses patient-specific responses to antiviral drugs, and designs personalized therapeutic treatments to address the need for a personalized liver-like model. Second, most organs-on-chips lack a monitoring system for cell functions in real time; thus, the review discusses recent advances and challenges in combining liver-on-a-chip technology with biosensors for assessing hepatocyte viability and functions. Prospectively, the biosensor-integrated liver-on-a-chip device would provide novel biological insights that could accelerate the development of novel therapeutic compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12070842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T21:39:15Z","timestamp":1626730755000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Progress and Challenges in the Use of a Liver-on-a-Chip for Hepatotropic Infectious Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6652-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasem","family":"Kulkeaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Worakamol","family":"Pengsart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.028","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases: Current status and future perspectives from genome-wide approaches","volume":"66","author":"Mozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-00297-6","article-title":"Host genetics and infectious disease: New tools, insights and translational opportunities","volume":"22","author":"Kwok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-2755","article-title":"Genome-wide association study: A useful tool to identify common genetic variants associated with drug toxicity and efficacy in cancer pharmacogenomics","volume":"20","author":"Low","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2017.0006","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies for idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity: Looking back-looking forward to next-generation innovation","volume":"21","author":"Petros","year":"2017","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08309","article-title":"Genetic variation in il28b predicts hepatitis c treatment-induced viral clearance","volume":"461","author":"Ge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706135","article-title":"Hla-b*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir","volume":"358","author":"Mallal","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.12.1867","article-title":"Use of ruxolitinib to successfully treat chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis caused by gain-of-function signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) mutation","volume":"135","author":"Higgins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.010","article-title":"A living biobank of breast cancer organoids captures disease heterogeneity","volume":"172","author":"Sachs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102786","article-title":"Patient-derived pancreatic tumour organoids identify therapeutic responses to oncolytic adenoviruses","volume":"56","author":"Raimondi","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.082","article-title":"Modeling development and disease with organoids","volume":"165","author":"Clevers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2016.08.014","article-title":"Organoids: Modeling development and the stem cell niche in a dish","volume":"38","author":"Kretzschmar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.10.079","article-title":"Blood vessel formation in cerebral organoids formed from human embryonic stem cells","volume":"521","author":"Ham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16464","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000372R","article-title":"A simple metastatic brain cancer model using human embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral organoids","volume":"34","author":"Choe","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9899","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000063R","article-title":"Maturation of human intestinal organoids in vitro facilitates colonization by commensal lactobacilli by reinforcing the mucus layer","volume":"34","author":"Son","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1812435","article-title":"Modelling toxoplasma gondii infection in human cerebral organoids","volume":"9","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0259-3","article-title":"Human organoids: Model systems for human biology and medicine","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21360","article-title":"An artificial liver sinusoid with a microfluidic endothelial-like barrier for primary hepatocyte culture","volume":"97","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00333E","article-title":"Design and fabrication of a liver-on-a-chip platform for convenient, highly efficient, and safe in situ perfusion culture of 3d hepatic spheroids","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188302","article-title":"Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip","volume":"328","author":"Huh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1039\/B907515A","article-title":"A multi-layer microfluidic device for efficient culture and analysis of renal tubular cells","volume":"10","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC01356A","article-title":"Beating heart on a chip: A novel microfluidic platform to generate functional 3d cardiac microtissues","volume":"16","author":"Marsano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40074j","article-title":"Human gut-on-a-chip inhabited by microbial flora that experiences intestinal peristalsis-like motions and flow","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00952F","article-title":"A multi-throughput multi-organ-on-a-chip system on a plate formatted pneumatic pressure-driven medium circulation platform","volume":"18","author":"Satoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4090","article-title":"Trial watch: Phase ii and phase iii attrition rates 2011-2012","volume":"12","author":"Arrowsmith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.6008","article-title":"Failure of investigational drugs in late-stage clinical development and publication of trial results","volume":"176","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2008.11.009","article-title":"The future of drug safety testing: Expanding the view and narrowing the focus","volume":"14","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug. Discov. Today."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Global Progress Report on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections 2021, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Global Hepatitis Report 2017, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). World Malaria Report 2019, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-018-9884-8","article-title":"Global hbv burden: Guesstimates and facts","volume":"12","author":"Ginzberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0037-0","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for hepatitis b virus infection: Towards a cure","volume":"18","author":"Fanning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13694","article-title":"Review article: Novel therapies for hepatitis b virus cure-advances and perspectives","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.09.11","article-title":"Diagnosis of hepatitis b","volume":"4","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Transl Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i30.3347","article-title":"Host genetic factors affecting hepatitis b infection outcomes: Insights from genome-wide association studies","volume":"24","author":"Akcay","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2015.21.1.1","article-title":"Personalized treatment of hepatitis b","volume":"21","author":"Lok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02969-8","article-title":"3d microfluidic liver cultures as a physiological preclinical tool for hepatitis b virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Skelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i9.1359","article-title":"Individualized hepatocellular carcinoma risk: The challenges for designing successful chemoprevention strategies","volume":"19","author":"Aghemo","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.076646","article-title":"Treating viral hepatitis c: Efficacy, side effects, and complications","volume":"55","author":"Manns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26371","article-title":"New horizons in hepatitis c antiviral therapy with direct-acting antivirals","volume":"58","author":"Aghemo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S127689","article-title":"Hepatitis c treatment: Where are we now?","volume":"10","author":"Burstow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. General Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04931-y","article-title":"Identification of hcv resistant variants against direct acting antivirals in plasma and liver of treatment naive patients","volume":"7","author":"Raj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1086\/592579","article-title":"Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a plus ribavirin for treatment-naive asian patients with hepatitis c virus genotype 1 infection: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.3416","article-title":"Treatment responses in asians and caucasians with chronic hepatitis c infection","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032502","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis c in blacks and non-hispanic whites","volume":"350","author":"Muir","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805062","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in latino and non-latino whites with hepatitis c","volume":"360","author":"Jeffers","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808010","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa-2b or alfa-2a with ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis c infection","volume":"361","author":"McHutchison","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.01.059","article-title":"Hepatic gene expression discriminates responders and nonresponders in treatment of chronic hepatitis c viral infection","volume":"128","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2217\/14622416.7.5.697","article-title":"Genetic predisposition of responsiveness to therapy for chronic hepatitis c","volume":"7","author":"Hwang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609954104","article-title":"A functional snp of interferon-gamma gene is important for interferon-alpha-induced and spontaneous recovery from hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22877","article-title":"Variants in interferon-alpha pathway genes and response to pegylated interferon-alpha2a plus ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis c virus infection in the hepatitis c antiviral long-term treatment against cirrhosis trial","volume":"49","author":"Welzel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Individualized treatment of chronic hepatitis c with pegylated interferon and ribavirin","volume":"3","author":"Dalgard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmgenomics Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15222","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness and safety of glecaprevir\/pibrentasvir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis c infection: Data from the german hepatitis c-registry","volume":"49","author":"Berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz128","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz128","article-title":"Retrospective study demonstrating high rates of sustained virologic response after treatment with direct-acting antivirals among american indian\/alaskan natives","volume":"6","author":"Mera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open. Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00710","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus infection: A real-world single-center experience in tianjin, china","volume":"11","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky053","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of the anti-hcv drug sofosbuvir: A preliminary study","volume":"73","author":"Cusato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2014.11.007","article-title":"Abcb11 and abcb1 gene polymorphisms impact on telaprevir pharmacokinetic at one month of therapy","volume":"69","author":"Cusato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1515\/jtim-2017-0007","article-title":"Direct acting anti-hepatitis c virus drugs: Clinical pharmacology and future direction","volume":"5","author":"Geddawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60024-0","article-title":"Malaria","volume":"383","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.79","article-title":"Vivax malaria: Neglected and not benign","volume":"77","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.12.005","article-title":"Targeting the hypnozoite reservoir of plasmodium vivax: The hidden obstacle to malaria elimination","volume":"26","author":"Wells","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710775","article-title":"Single-dose tafenoquine to prevent relapse of plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"380","author":"Lacerda","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710775","article-title":"Tafenoquine versus primaquine to prevent relapse of plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"380","author":"Lacerda","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-212","article-title":"The metabolism of primaquine to its active metabolite is dependent on cyp 2d6","volume":"12","author":"Pybus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.03.011","article-title":"Primaquine pharmacology in the context of cyp 2d6 pharmacogenomics: Current state of the art","volume":"161","author":"Marcsisin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1301936","article-title":"Primaquine failure and cytochrome p-450 2d6 in plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"369","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100406","article-title":"The cyp2d6 activity score: Translating genotype information into a qualitative measure of phenotype","volume":"83","author":"Gaedigk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-488","article-title":"The clinical and public health problem of relapse despite primaquine therapy: Case review of repeated relapses of plasmodium vivax acquired in papua new guinea","volume":"13","author":"Ingram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e181449","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1449","article-title":"Association of impaired cytochrome p450 2d6 activity genotype and phenotype with therapeutic efficacy of primaquine treatment for latent plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"1","author":"Baird","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2139-7","article-title":"Cyp2d6 activity and the risk of recurrence of plasmodium vivax malaria in the brazilian amazon: A prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Brasil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2774-2","article-title":"Cytochrome p450 2d6 profiles and their relationship with outcomes of primaquine anti-relapse therapy in australian defence force personnel deployed to papua new guinea and east timor","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2190-z","article-title":"Primaquine ineligibility in anti-relapse therapy of plasmodium vivax malaria: The problem of g6pd deficiency and cytochrome p-450 2d6 polymorphisms","volume":"17","author":"Baird","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23937","article-title":"Drug-induced acute liver failure: Results of a u.S. Multicenter, prospective study","volume":"52","author":"Reuben","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.08.008","article-title":"Outcomes and predictors of mortality in patients with drug-induced liver injury at a tertiary hospital in south india: A single-centre experience","volume":"11","author":"Remalayam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10144-3","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury: Asia pacific association of study of liver consensus guidelines","volume":"15","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1816149","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury-types and phenotypes","volume":"381","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.030","article-title":"Are patients with elevated liver tests at increased risk of drug-induced liver injury?","volume":"126","author":"Russo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.03.006","article-title":"Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The dilin prospective study","volume":"148","author":"Chalasani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-01014-2","article-title":"Consensus guidelines: Best practices for detection, assessment and management of suspected acute drug-induced liver injury during clinical trials in adults with chronic viral hepatitis and adults with cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis b, c and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"44","author":"Treem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.379","article-title":"Hla-b*5701 genotype is a major determinant of drug-induced liver injury due to flucloxacillin","volume":"41","author":"Daly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.001","article-title":"Susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanate-induced liver injury is influenced by multiple hla class i and ii alleles","volume":"141","author":"Lucena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.08.004","article-title":"The role of hla-a*33:01 in patients with cholestatic hepatitis attributed to terbinafine","volume":"69","author":"Fontana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Wojciech Pawlina, M.H.R. (2006). Histology: A Text and Atlas, Lippincott Wiliams & Wikins. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lautt, W. (2009). Hepatic circulation: Physiology and pathophysiology. Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology, Morgan & Claypool Publishers.","DOI":"10.4199\/C00004ED1V01Y200910ISP001"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170255","article-title":"Cellular homeostasis and repair in the mammalian liver","volume":"77","author":"Stanger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.015","article-title":"Structural and functional hepatocyte polarity and liver disease","volume":"63","author":"Gissen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-007-9148-1","article-title":"Microfluidic platform for hepatitis b viral replication study","volume":"10","author":"Sodunke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Rawat, S., Duchemin, N., Bouchard, M., and Noh, M. (2017). Human liver sinusoid on a chip for hepatitis b virus replication study. Micromachines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8010027"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.103.32","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensor array for liver diagnosis using silanization technique on nanoporous silicon electrode","volume":"103","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.07.049","article-title":"Electrical impedimetric biosensors for liver function detection","volume":"28","author":"Chuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.10.009","article-title":"Electrochemical formation of crooked gold nanorods and gold networked structures by the additive organic solvent","volume":"306","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1537-2","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of oxygen uptake in hepatic bioreactor shows cyp450-independent mitochondrial toxicity of acetaminophen and amiodarone","volume":"90","author":"Prill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Moman, R.N., Gupta, N., and Varacallo, M. (2021, June 15). Physiology, albumin, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459198\/."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Sung, D.B., Kang, S., Parameswaran, S., Choi, J.H., Lee, J.S., and Han, M.S. (2019). Development of human serum albumin selective fluorescent probe using thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-5(4h)-one fluorophore derivatives. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235298"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00412E","article-title":"Organs-on-chips with combined multi-electrode array and transepithelial electrical resistance measurement capabilities","volume":"17","author":"Maoz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4782","article-title":"Instrumented cardiac microphysiological devices via multimaterial three-dimensional printing","volume":"16","author":"Lind","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24282","article-title":"Liver fibrosis","volume":"115","author":"Bataller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00874C","article-title":"Liver injury-on-a-chip: Microfluidic co-cultures with integrated biosensors for monitoring liver cell signaling during injury","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2020.00026","article-title":"Hepatic antifibrotic pharmacotherapy: Are we approaching success?","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70785-6","article-title":"Real time monitoring of oxygen uptake of hepatocytes in a microreactor using optical microsensors","volume":"10","author":"Gehre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-1555-8","article-title":"Different approaches for transformation of mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells","volume":"11","author":"Afshari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00191","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20150025","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cells-current trends and future prospective","volume":"35","author":"Ullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21704","article-title":"Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a source of human hepatocytes","volume":"46","author":"Banas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.154880","article-title":"Hepatocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue in vitro promotes hepatic integration in vivo","volume":"58","author":"Aurich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-013-9432-5","article-title":"Transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts into hepatocyte-like cells by defined transcriptional factors","volume":"7","author":"Kogiso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21839","article-title":"Human skin fibroblasts: From mesodermal to hepatocyte-like differentiation","volume":"46","author":"Lysy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.05.019","article-title":"In vitro transdifferentiation of adult hematopoietic stem cells: An alternative source of engraftable hepatocytes","volume":"49","author":"Khurana","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.058198","article-title":"Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha induces transdifferentiation of hematopoietic cells into hepatocytes","volume":"285","author":"Khurana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-011-9337-x","article-title":"In vitro trans-differentiation of human umbilical cord derived hematopoietic stem cells into hepatocyte like cells using combination of growth factors for cell based therapy","volume":"63","author":"Sellamuthu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/08880010802234614","article-title":"In vitro hepatic differentiation of human umbilical cord blood and bone marrow cells","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.64","article-title":"Human monocyte-derived cells with individual hepatocyte characteristics: A novel tool for personalized in vitro studies","volume":"92","author":"Benesic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309528","article-title":"Monocyte-derived hepatocyte-like cells for causality assessment of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury","volume":"65","author":"Benesic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.024","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors","volume":"126","author":"Takahashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2020.100055","article-title":"Human sensory neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells for disease modelling and personalized medicine","volume":"8","author":"Lampert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.013003","article-title":"Patient and disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells for discovery of personalized cardiovascular drugs and therapeutics","volume":"72","author":"Paik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/2472630320972110","article-title":"Automating human induced pluripotent stem cell culture and differentiation of ipsc-derived retinal pigment epithelium for personalized drug testing","volume":"26","author":"Truong","year":"2021","journal-title":"SLAS Technol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33256-7","article-title":"Regenerative potential of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients undergoing haemodialysis in kidney regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Tajiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.09.014","article-title":"Pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapy-promise and challenges","volume":"27","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem. Cell"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.245","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: A decade of progress","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9968","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9968","article-title":"Generation of human liver organoids from pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic endoderms","volume":"8","author":"Kulkeaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.06.019","article-title":"Epigenetic variation between human induced pluripotent stem cell lines is an indicator of differentiation capacity","volume":"19","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900344","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900344","article-title":"3d printing of personalized thick and perfusable cardiac patches and hearts","volume":"6","author":"Noor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, O., Sunyovszki, I., and Terracciano, C.M. (2021). Vascularisation of pluripotent stem cell-derived myocardium: Biomechanical insights for physiological relevance in cardiac tissue engineering. Pflugers. Arch., 473\u20131136.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-021-02557-8"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-020-00624-1","article-title":"A chemically defined common medium for culture of c2c12 skeletal muscle and human induced pluripotent stem cell derived spinal spheroids","volume":"13","author":"Besser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00050","article-title":"Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for assessment of anticancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"7","author":"Schwach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0159729","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159729","article-title":"Investigating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a liver-on-a-chip microfluidic device","volume":"11","author":"Gori","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015014","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/9\/1\/015014","article-title":"Design and fabrication of a scalable liver-lobule-on-a-chip microphysiological platform","volume":"9","author":"Banaeiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50402f","article-title":"Liver-cell patterning lab chip: Mimicking the morphology of liver lobule tissue","volume":"13","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25700","article-title":"Long-term maintenance of a microfluidic 3d human liver sinusoid","volume":"113","author":"Prodanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801825","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201801825","article-title":"Microengineered bioartificial liver chip for drug toxicity screening","volume":"28","author":"Delalat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Func. Mat."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.12.002","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dynamics to maintain brain homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Segarra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00990","article-title":"The role of sinusoidal endothelial cells in the axis of inflammation and cancer within the liver","volume":"11","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068214561025","article-title":"Teer measurement techniques for in vitro  barrier model systems","volume":"20","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-10-33","article-title":"Comparative study of four immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines, hcmec\/d3, hbmec, ty10, and bb19, and optimization of culture conditions, for an in vitro  blood-brain barrier model for drug permeability studies","volume":"10","author":"Eigenmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.04.008","article-title":"Virus entry and replication in the brain precedes blood-brain barrier disruption during intranasal alphavirus infection","volume":"308","author":"Cain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamiloglu, S., Grootaert, C., Capanoglu, E., Ozkan, C., Smagghe, G., Raes, K., and Van Camp, J. (2017). Anti-inflammatory potential of black carrot (daucus carota l.) polyphenols in a co-culture model of intestinal caco-2 and endothelial ea.Hy926 cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 61.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600455"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.76","article-title":"Establishment of primary cultures of human brain microvascular endothelial cells to provide an in vitro cellular model of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"5","author":"Bernas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290203002S08","article-title":"Transepithelial resistance and inulin permeability as endpoints in in vitro nephrotoxicity testing","volume":"30","author":"Duff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.218S","article-title":"Structure of the blood-brain barrier and its role in the transport of amino acids","volume":"136","author":"Hawkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc41208j","article-title":"Sym-bbb: A microfluidic blood brain barrier model","volume":"13","author":"Prabhakarpandian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40094d","article-title":"Characterization of a microfluidic in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (mubbb)","volume":"12","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-012-9699-7","article-title":"Bbb on chip: Microfluidic platform to mechanically and biochemically modulate blood-brain barrier function","volume":"15","author":"Griep","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"179","article-title":"On-chip detection of cellular activity","volume":"117","author":"Almog","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN00056K","article-title":"Microfluidic approaches for epithelial cell layer culture and characterisation","volume":"139","author":"Thuenauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28232-0","article-title":"Dependence and homeostasis of membrane impedance on cell morphology in cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"8","author":"Matsumura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1021\/bp025733x","article-title":"On-line monitoring of cell growth and cytotoxicity using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ecis)","volume":"19","author":"Xiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-005-0760-9","article-title":"Impedance analysis of phosphatidylcholine\/alpha-tocopherol system in bilayer lipid membranes","volume":"205","author":"Naumowicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.063446","article-title":"Impedance analysis of lipid domains in phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes containing ergosterol","volume":"89","author":"Naumowicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.016","article-title":"Real-time cellular impedance measurements detect Ca2+ channel-dependent oscillations of morphology in human h295r adrenoma cells","volume":"1813","author":"Denelavas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2000.4919","article-title":"Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ecis) as a noninvasive means to monitor the kinetics of cell spreading to artificial surfaces","volume":"259","author":"Wegener","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20212j","article-title":"Distinguishing drug-induced minor morphological changes from major cellular damage via label-free impedimetric toxicity screening","volume":"11","author":"Meissner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.11.021","article-title":"Influence of cell adhesion and spreading on impedance characteristics of cell-based sensors","volume":"23","author":"Asphahani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an16079j","article-title":"Real-time characterization of cytotoxicity using single-cell impedance monitoring","volume":"137","author":"Asphahani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/12\/7\/842\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:31:59Z","timestamp":1760164319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/12\/7\/842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["mi12070842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi12070842","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-666X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]}}}