{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:11:46Z","timestamp":1767046306853,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liu Huanbao","award":["ZR2020QE179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QE179"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional autologous transplantation has become a severe issue due to insufficient donors. Artificial blood vessel is an effective method for the treatment of major vascular diseases, such as heart and peripheral blood vessel diseases. However, the traditional single-material printing technology has been unable to meet the users\u2019 demand for product functional complexity, which is not only reflected in the field of industrial manufacturing, but also in the field of functional vessel-like structure regeneration. In order to achieve the printing and forming of multi-layer vessel-like structures, this paper carries out theoretical and experimental research on the printing and forming of a multi-layer vessel-like structure based on multi-material 3D bioprinting technology. Firstly, theoretical analysis has been explored to research the relationship among the different parameters in the process of vessel forming, and further confirm the synchronous relationship among the extrusion rate of material, the tangential speed of the rotating rod, and the movement speed of the platform. Secondly, sodium alginate and gelatin have been used as the experimental materials to manufacture the vessel-like structure, and the corrected parameter of the theoretical analysis is further verified. Finally, the cell-loaded materials have been printed and analyzed, and cell viability is more than 90%, which provides support for the research of multi-layer vessel-like structure printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12121517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T22:18:42Z","timestamp":1638829122000},"page":"1517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Theoretical and Experimental Research on Multi-Layer Vessel-like Structure Printing Based on 3D Bio-Printing Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Huanbao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianhai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3002-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangxi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7586-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangming","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuewei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruichun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezu242","article-title":"Bioprinting of artificial blood vessels: Current approaches towards a demanding goal","volume":"46","author":"Hoch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. 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