{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T11:05:47Z","timestamp":1792235147761,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INT\/RUS\/RFBR\/385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT\/RUS\/RFBR\/385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucose is one of the most important monosaccharides found in the food, as a part of more complex structures, which is a primary energy source for the brain and body. Thus, the monitoring of glucose concentration is more important in food and biological samples in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Herein, an electrochemical glucose biosensor was fabricated by immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOX) onto poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):4-sulfocalix [4]arene (PEDOT:SCX)\/MXene modified electrode. For this purpose, firstly, PEDOT was synthesized in the presence of SCX (counterion) by the chemical oxidative method. Secondly, MXene (a 2D layered material) was synthesized by using a high-temperature furnace under a nitrogen atmosphere. After that, PEDOT:SCX\/MXene (1:1) dispersion was prepared by ultrasonication which was later utilized to prepare PEDOT:SCX\/MXene hybrid film. A successful formation of PEDOT:SCX\/MXene film was confirmed by HR-SEM, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopies. Due to the biocompatibility nature, successful immobilization of GOX was carried out onto chitosan modified PEDOT:SCX\/MXene\/GCE. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of PEDOT:SCX\/MXene\/GOX\/GCE was studied through cyclic voltammetry and amperometry methods. Interestingly, a stable redox peak of FAD-GOX was observed at a formal potential of \u20130.435 V on PEDOT:SCX\/MXene\/GOX\/GCE which indicated a direct electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode surface. PEDOT:SCX\/MXene\/GOX\/GCE also exhibited a linear response against glucose concentrations in the linear range from 0.5 to 8 mM. The effect of pH, sensors reproducibility, and repeatability of the PEDOT:SCX\/MXene\/GOX\/GCE sensor were studied. Finally, this new biosensor was successfully applied to detect glucose in commercial fruit juice sample with satisfactory recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13020304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1645047384000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Electrochemical Sensing of Glucose Using Glucose Oxidase\/PEDOT:4-Sulfocalix [4]arene\/MXene Composite Modified Electrode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Preethika","family":"Murugan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayshree","family":"Annamalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8793-0953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raji","family":"Atchudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6701-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mani","family":"Govindasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, Ming-Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Nallaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhanraj","family":"Ganapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9607-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anatoly","family":"Reshetilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Centre for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok K.","family":"Sundramoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71908-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: An analysis from 1990 to 2025","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068069y","article-title":"Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management","volume":"108","author":"Heller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.04.071","article-title":"Glucose: Detection and analysis","volume":"188","author":"Galant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"983","article-title":"Glucose biosensors: 40 years of advances and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electroanal. Int. J. Devoted Fundam. Pract. Asp. Electroanal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.188","article-title":"Sensors for glucose monitoring: Technical and clinical aspects","volume":"17","author":"Koschinsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes. Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2007.07.005","article-title":"A novel glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in chitosan on a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold\u2013platinum alloy nanoparticles\/multiwall carbon nanotubes","volume":"369","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.137744","article-title":"Metal oxide based non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for glucose detection","volume":"370","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.10.065","article-title":"Polylysine-modified MXene nanosheets with highly loaded glucose oxidase as cascade nanoreactor for glucose decomposition and electrochemical sensing","volume":"586","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1117\/1.429962","article-title":"Optical glucose sensing in biological fluids: An overview","volume":"5","author":"McNichols","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.09.079","article-title":"An optical biosensor for the rapid determination of glucose in human serum","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(02)00568-4","article-title":"Chemiluminescence microfluidic system sensor on a chip for determination of glucose in human serum with immobilized reagents","volume":"59","author":"Lv","year":"2003","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60353a039","article-title":"Quantitative determination of blood glucose using enzyme induced chemiluminescence of luminol","volume":"47","author":"Bostick","year":"1975","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2021.115166","article-title":"One-pot synthesis of Au nanoparticle\/polyluminol\/glucose oxidase bifunctional nanospheres for solid-state electrochemiluminescent sensor","volume":"888","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106271","article-title":"An electrochemiluminescent biosensor for noninvasive glucose detection based on cluster-like AuAg hollowed-nanoparticles","volume":"167","author":"Dongning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(03)00199-4","article-title":"Glucose sensor for flow injection analysis of serum glucose based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in titania sol\u2013gel membrane","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(01)00477-X","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of D-glucose and L-lactate by flow injection analysis","volume":"30","author":"Haouz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.09.018","article-title":"Rapid quantitative detection of glucose content in glucose injection by reaction headspace gas chromatography","volume":"1520","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"7532687","article-title":"Application of Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Enzymatic Determination of Glucose and Cholesterol in Serum Samples","volume":"2019","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.028","article-title":"Comparison of enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on hierarchical Au-Ni alloy with conductive polymer","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/catal5010145","article-title":"Heterogeneous catalyst deactivation and regeneration: A review","volume":"5","author":"Argyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900600861590","article-title":"Performance of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) based and glucose oxidase (GOX) based blood glucose meter systems at moderately high altitude","volume":"31","author":"Bilen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"520","article-title":"Unadulterated glucose biosensor based on direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase encapsulated chitosan modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electroanal. Int. J. Devoted Fundam. Pract. Asp. Electroanal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.03.003","article-title":"The direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase and glucose biosensor based on carbon nanotubes\/chitosan matrix","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1039\/b513385h","article-title":"Glucose biosensors as models for the development of advanced protein-based biosensors","volume":"1","author":"Staiano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707780362970","article-title":"Implantable electrochemical sensors for biomedical and clinical applications: Progress, problems, and future possibilities","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(94)00202-9","article-title":"Direct electrochemistry and surface characterization of glucose oxidase adsorbed on anodized carbon electrodes","volume":"39","author":"Chi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2020.100229","article-title":"A Zno nanorods based enzymatic glucose biosensor by immobilization of glucose oxidase on a chitosan film","volume":"18","author":"Bagyalakshmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.07.067","article-title":"High-performance glucose biosensor based on chitosan-glucose oxidase immobilized polypyrrole\/Nafion\/functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes bio-nanohybrid film","volume":"482","author":"Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"81","article-title":"Self-assembled monolayers into the 21st century: Recent advances and applications","volume":"15","author":"Gooding","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electroanal. Int. J. Devoted Fundam. Pract. Asp. Electroanal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2009.02.010","article-title":"Direct-growth of polyaniline nanowires for enzyme-immobilization and glucose detection","volume":"11","author":"Horng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1849439","article-title":"Design of amperometric biosensors for the detection of glucose prepared by immobilization of glucose oxidase on conducting (poly) thiophene films","volume":"2018","author":"Pilo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2012.02.012","article-title":"Glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase and gold nanoparticles of different sizes covered by polypyrrole layer","volume":"413","author":"German","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.038","article-title":"Improvement in glucose biosensing response of electrochemically grown polypyrrole nanotubes by incorporating crosslinked glucose oxidase","volume":"55","author":"Palod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B848","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0641816jes","article-title":"Electrochemical synthesis of 2D layered materials and their potential application in pesticide detection","volume":"165","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandra Kishore, S., Samikannu, K., Atchudan, R., Perumal, S., Edison, T.N.J.I., Alagan, M., Sundramoorthy, A.K., and Lee, Y.R. (2022). Smartphone-Operated Wireless Chemical Sensors: A Review. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10020055"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Sharma, A., Ahmed, A., Sundramoorthy, A.K., Furukawa, H., Arya, S., and Khosla, A. (2021). Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Applications, Challenges, and Future Scope. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11090336"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundramoorthy, A.K., Kumar, T.H.V., and Gunasekaran, S. (2018). Graphene-Based Nanosensors and Smart Food Packaging Systems for Food Safety and Quality Monitoring, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813349-1.00012-3"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132106","article-title":"Preparation of 2D Graphene\/MXene nanocomposite for the electrochemical determination of hazardous bisphenol A in plastic products","volume":"287","author":"Rajendran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14643","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202003554","article-title":"Selective electrochemical sensing of NADH and NAD+ using graphene\/tungstate nanocomposite modified electrode","volume":"5","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.07.037","article-title":"2D-titanium carbide (MXene) based selective electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid","volume":"72","author":"Murugan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102306","article-title":"Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2","volume":"23","author":"Naguib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagarajan, R.D., Murugan, P., Palaniyandi, K., Atchudan, R., and Sundramoorthy, A.K. (2021). Biocompatible MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Immobilized with Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide as an Electrochemical Transducer for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12080862"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131478","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of MXene (Ti3C2Tx)\/Iron oxide composite for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"286","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24564","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA09094C","article-title":"MXene: An emerging two-dimensional material for future energy conversion and storage applications","volume":"5","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.202100039","article-title":"Synergistic catalytic acceleration of MXene\/MWCNTs as decorating materials for ultrasensitive detection of morphine","volume":"33","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.202060535","article-title":"2D Accordion-like MXene Nanosheets as a Sensitive Electrode Material for Baicalin Sensing","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TC00140A","article-title":"Electronic properties and applications of MXenes: A theoretical review","volume":"5","author":"Khazaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s11467-015-0493-x","article-title":"Recent advances in MXene: Preparation, properties, and applications","volume":"10","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201609306","article-title":"A two-dimensional lamellar membrane: MXene nanosheet stacks","volume":"56","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.202100192","article-title":"Application of MXene in Electrochemical Sensors: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.05.021","article-title":"MXene: An emerging material for sensing and biosensing","volume":"105","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.143554","article-title":"Three-dimensional porous MXene\/NiCo-LDH composite for high performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor","volume":"495","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36422","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36422","article-title":"Novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on MXene nanocomposite","volume":"6","author":"Rakhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2012.01.002","article-title":"MXene: A promising transition metal carbide anode for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"16","author":"Naguib","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.6b00247","article-title":"Two-dimensional molybdenum carbide (MXene) as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution","volume":"1","author":"Seh","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"63","article-title":"Conjugated conducting polymers: A brief overview","volume":"2","author":"Harun","year":"2007","journal-title":"UCSI Acad. J. J. Adv. Sci. Arts"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105814","article-title":"A low-cost mobile platform for whole blood glucose monitoring using colorimetric method","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16122","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c03801","article-title":"A gel-based separation-free point-of-care device for whole blood glucose detection","volume":"92","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Wright, C., Dincel, O., Chi, T.-Y., and Kameoka, J. (2020). A low-cost paper glucose sensor with molecularly imprinted polyaniline electrode. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041098"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"479","article-title":"Conducting polymers and their characterization","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, T.-H., Kim, Y., and Yoon, H. (2017). Electrical and electrochemical properties of conducting polymers. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9040150"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.02.068","article-title":"Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays","volume":"614","author":"Lange","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.26.5843","article-title":"Comparative theoretical study of the doping of conjugated polymers: Polarons in polyacetylene and polyparaphenylene","volume":"26","author":"Chance","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NJ01349A","article-title":"PEDOT nanostructures synthesized in hexagonal mesophases","volume":"38","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1021\/nn7001536","article-title":"Liquid\/liquid interfacial polymerization to grow single crystalline nanoneedles of various conducting polymers","volume":"2","author":"Nuraje","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-364","article-title":"Electro-synthesis of novel nanostructured PEDOT films and their application as catalyst support","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.7b00382","article-title":"Metal oxide-assisted PEDOT nanostructures via hydrolysis-assisted vapor-phase polymerization for energy storage","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2017.11.035","article-title":"Synthesis of water-free PEDOT with polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilizer in organic dispersant system","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(200004)12:7<481::AID-ADMA481>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivatives: Past, present, and future","volume":"12","author":"Groenendaal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, N., Petsagkourakis, I., Chen, S., Berggren, M., Crispin, X., Jonsson, M.P., and Zozoulenko, I. (2019). Electric Transport Properties in PEDOT Thin Films, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429190520-3"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2010.516133","article-title":"Studies on the Zetapotential of Calcite\/p-Sulfonato-calix [4, 8] arenes","volume":"32","author":"Sreedevi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dispers. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10716","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10716","article-title":"Lateral assembly of oxidized graphene flakes into large-scale transparent conductive thin films with a three-dimensional surfactant 4-sulfocalix [4]arene","volume":"5","author":"Sundramoorthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.05.056","article-title":"Co3O4 nanoparticles supported mesoporous carbon framework interface for glucose biosensing","volume":"203","author":"Balla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9509","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00115","article-title":"Tackling the challenges of enzymatic (bio) fuel cells","volume":"119","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1021\/la402432q","article-title":"Interfacial behavior and activity of laccase and bilirubin oxidase on bare gold surfaces","volume":"30","author":"Pankratov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2013.09.004","article-title":"Bioelectrocatalytic reduction of oxygen at gold nanoparticles modified with laccase","volume":"95","author":"Krikstolaityte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2015.08.107","article-title":"Effects of multiple polyaniline layers immobilized on carbon nanotube and glutaraldehyde on performance and stability of biofuel cell","volume":"299","author":"Christwardana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2012.09.008","article-title":"High-conversion synthesis of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) by chemical oxidative polymerization","volume":"162","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186220","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/19\/18\/186220","article-title":"Improved electrical and optical properties of Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) via ordered microstructure","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S194596","article-title":"Needle-shaped amphoteric calix [4]arene as a magnetic nanocarrier for simultaneous delivery of anticancer drugs to the breast cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Rahimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.12.124","article-title":"Free-standing highly conducting PEDOT films for flexible thermoelectric generator","volume":"170","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-557","article-title":"The structure and properties of PEDOT synthesized by template-free solution method","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Studies of dopant effects in poly (3,4-ethylenedi-oxythiophene) using Raman spectroscopy","volume":"37","author":"Chiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc. Int. J. Orig. Work Asp. Raman Spectrosc. Incl. High. Order Process. Brillouin Rayleigh Scatt."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12071","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c02577","article-title":"Polymeric Ti3C2T \u00d7 MXene Composites for Room Temperature Ammonia Sensing","volume":"3","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.03.039","article-title":"Titanium carbide and its core-shelled derivative TiC@ TiO2 as catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells","volume":"69","author":"Ignaszak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.07.150","article-title":"Mixed phase titanium carbide (Ti-C-Tx): A strategy to design a significant electrocatalyst for oxygen electroreduction and storage application","volume":"458","author":"Parse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1039\/C2DT32458J","article-title":"Synthesis of C 60-decorated SWCNTs (C 60-d-CNTs) and its TiO2-based nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production","volume":"42","author":"Chai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dalt. Trans."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.09.059","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes-nanoflake-like SnS2 nanocomposite for direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and glucose sensing","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b01707","article-title":"Anti-infective and pro-coagulant chitosan-based hydrogel tissue adhesive for sutureless wound closure","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2006.06.021","article-title":"Sulfated chitin and chitosan as novel biomaterials","volume":"40","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-019-0182-5","article-title":"Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic approaches towards atmospheric nitrogen reduction to ammonia under ambient conditions","volume":"6","author":"John","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Converg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.05.255","article-title":"Humic acid\/halloysite nanotube\/flavin adenine dinucleotide nanocomposite based selective electrochemical biosensor for hydrogen peroxide","volume":"488","author":"Preethika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8172","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ra20926h","article-title":"A facile route for constructing a graphene-chitosan-ZrO2 composite for direct electron transfer and glucose sensing","volume":"2","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2016.10.002","article-title":"Immobilization of glucose oxidase on 3D graphene thin film: Novel glucose bioanalytical sensing platform","volume":"42","author":"Mansouri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2012.02.004","article-title":"Novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase on poly (pyrrole propylic acid)\/Au nanocomposite","volume":"12","author":"Nergiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4869","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2831779","article-title":"Amperometric biosensor and front-end electronics for remote glucose monitoring by crosslinked PEDOT-glucose oxidase","volume":"18","author":"Aleeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/13\/2\/304\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:20:48Z","timestamp":1760134848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/13\/2\/304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["mi13020304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi13020304","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]}}}