{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:34:37Z","timestamp":1791441277249,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W 07.30318.009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W 07.30318.009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For many parasitic diseases, the microscopic examination of clinical samples such as urine and stool still serves as the diagnostic reference standard, primarily because microscopes are accessible and cost-effective. However, conventional microscopy is laborious, requires highly skilled personnel, and is highly subjective. Requirements for skilled operators, coupled with the cost and maintenance needs of the microscopes, which is hardly done in endemic countries, presents grossly limited access to the diagnosis of parasitic diseases in resource-limited settings. The urgent requirement for the management of tropical diseases such as schistosomiasis, which is now focused on elimination, has underscored the critical need for the creation of access to easy-to-use diagnosis for case detection, community mapping, and surveillance. In this paper, we present a low-cost automated digital microscope\u2014the Schistoscope\u2014which is capable of automatic focusing and scanning regions of interest in prepared microscope slides, and automatic detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in captured images. The device was developed using widely accessible distributed manufacturing methods and off-the-shelf components to enable local manufacturability and ease of maintenance. For proof of principle, we created a Schistosoma haematobium egg dataset of over 5000 images captured from spiked and clinical urine samples from field settings and demonstrated the automatic detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs using a trained deep neural network model. The experiments and results presented in this paper collectively illustrate the robustness, stability, and optical performance of the device, making it suitable for use in the monitoring and evaluation of schistosomiasis control programs in endemic settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13050643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T22:07:26Z","timestamp":1650406046000},"page":"643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Schistoscope: An Automated Microscope with Artificial Intelligence for Detection of Schistosoma haematobium Eggs in Resource-Limited Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4316-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prosper","family":"Oyibo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"ANDI Centre of Excellence for Malaria Diagnosis, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos 101017, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyajith","family":"Jujjavarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Design Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Meulah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches Medicales des Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, CERMEL, Lambarene BP 242, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tope","family":"Agbana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Braakman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Design Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"van Diepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Bengtson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wellington","family":"Oyibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANDI Centre of Excellence for Malaria Diagnosis, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos 101017, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gleb","family":"Vdovine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4007-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Carel","family":"Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Design Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1039\/C2LC40864C","article-title":"Optical imaging techniques for point-of-care diagnostics","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab A Chip"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7936","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201208390","article-title":"Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy","volume":"52","author":"Boissier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. 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