{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:34:59Z","timestamp":1779917699973,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A handheld USB-powered instrument developed for the electrochemical detection of nucleic acids and biomolecular interactions is presented. The proposed instrument is capable of scanning \u00b1 2.25 V while measuring currents up to \u00b110 mA, with a minimum current resolution of 6.87 pA. Therefore, it is suitable for nucleic acid sensors, which have high background currents. A low-cost microcontroller with an on-chip 16-bit analog-to-digital converter, 12-bit digital-to-analog converter, and a built-in USB controller were used to miniaturize the system. The offset voltages and gain errors of the analog peripherals were calibrated to obtain a superior performance. Thus, a similar performance to those of the market-leader potentiostats was achieved, but at a fraction of their cost and size. The performance of the application of this proposed architecture was tested successfully and was found to be similar to a leading commercial device through a clinical application in the aspects of the detection of nucleic acids, such as calf thymus ssDNA and dsDNA, and their interactions with a protein (BSA) by using single-use graphite electrodes in combination with the differential pulse voltammetry technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13101610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T01:51:49Z","timestamp":1664329909000},"page":"1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Low-Cost High-Resolution Potentiostat for Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids and Biomolecular Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alper","family":"Demirhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7175-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece","family":"Eksin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Kilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir 35330, Turkey"},{"name":"Solar Biyoteknoloji Ltd. 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