{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:17:08Z","timestamp":1784805428623,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology of Council","award":["110-2221-E-008-072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2221-E-008-072"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology of Council","award":["111-2622-E-035-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2622-E-035-003"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology of Council","award":["21H00723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H00723"]}]},{"name":"Feng Chia University","award":["110-2221-E-008-072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2221-E-008-072"]}]},{"name":"Feng Chia University","award":["111-2622-E-035-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2622-E-035-003"]}]},{"name":"Feng Chia University","award":["21H00723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H00723"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a miniaturized design of a 2\u00d7 zoom lens for application to a one-megapixel image sensor in a capsule endoscope. The zoom lens is composed of four lenses, including three plastic aspheric lenses and one glass spherical lens, and adopts a three-lens group design. This capsule endoscope is mainly for observation of the small intestine, which has a radius of about 12.5 mm. The height of the object is thus set to 12.5 mm. The object surface is designed to be curved surface with a radius of curvature of 15 mm. The focal length of the zoom lens ranges from 1.064 mm to 2.039 mm, and the full angle of view ranges from 60\u00b0 to 143\u00b0, the f-number is F\/2.8\u2013F\/3.5, the zoom lens is 11.6 mm in length, and the maximum effective diameter of the zoom lens is 6 mm. The zoom lens design is divided into six segments, corresponding to the different magnifications from Zoom 1 to Zoom 6. The magnification ratios are \u22120.0845, \u22120.0984, \u22120.1150, \u22120.1317, \u22120.1482, and \u22120.1690, respectively. Comparing the positions from Zoom 1 to Zoom 6, the maximum optical distortion is \u221214.89% for the Zoom 1 and 1.45% for the Zoom 6. The maximum vertical video distortion is 8.19% for Zoom 1 and 1.00% for Zoom 6. At a 1.0 field of view, the minimum relative illuminance is 71.8% at a magnification of M = \u22120.1317. Finally, we perform the tolerance analysis and lens resolution analysis at different zooming positions. Our design can obtain high-quality images for capsule endoscope.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13111814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"1814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cost-Effective Design of a Miniaturized Zoom Lens for a Capsule Endoscope"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wen-Shing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chungli 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5610-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuen-Lin","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chungli 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2000.110204","article-title":"The development of the swallowable video capsule (M2A)","volume":"52","author":"Waye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"RF Co., Ltd. (2022, April 02). RF SYSTEM Lab. Available online: http:\/\/rfsystemlab.com\/en\/sayaka\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, April 02). Available online: http:\/\/medical.olympusamerica.com\/products\/endocapsule."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Intromedic Co., Ltd. (2022, May 05). Available online: http:\/\/www.intromedic.com\/eng\/sub_products_2.html."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Jinshan Technology Group Co., Ltd. (2022, May 05). OMOM Capsule Endoscopy. Available online: http:\/\/english.jinshangroup.com\/capsuleendoscopy.html."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ankon Technologies Co., Ltd. (2022, April 05). NaviCam Capsule Endoscopy. Available online: http:\/\/www.ankoninc.com.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2795627","article-title":"Design of wide-angle lenses for wireless capsule endoscopes","volume":"46","author":"Mang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643018","DOI":"10.1117\/12.699742","article-title":"Distortion improvement of capsule endoscope image","volume":"6430","author":"Mang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.004369","article-title":"Design and analysis of radial imaging capsule endoscope (RICE) system","volume":"19","author":"Mang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. 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(20200305698 A1), US Patent."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/13\/11\/1814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:50Z","timestamp":1760144510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/13\/11\/1814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["mi13111814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi13111814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]}}}