{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T22:43:18Z","timestamp":1783809798935,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S010807\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S010807\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Reading International Studentship","award":["EP\/S010807\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S010807\/1"]}]},{"name":"University of Reading International Studentship","award":["TTD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTD"]}]},{"name":"University of Reading International Studentship","award":["203362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203362"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S010807\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S010807\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic susceptibility testing is vital to tackle the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Inexpensive digital CMOS cameras can be converted into portable digital microscopes using 3D printed x-y-z stages. Microscopic examination of bacterial motility can rapidly detect the response of microbes to antibiotics to determine susceptibility. Here, we present a new simple microdevice-miniature microscope cell measurement system for multiplexed antibiotic susceptibility testing. The microdevice is made using melt-extruded plastic film strips containing ten parallel 0.2 mm diameter microcapillaries. Two different antibiotics, ceftazidime and gentamicin, were prepared in Mueller-Hinton agar (0.4%) to produce an antibiotic-loaded microdevice for simple sample addition. This combination was selected to closely match current standard methods for both antibiotic susceptibility testing and motility testing. Use of low agar concentration permits observation of motile bacteria responding to antibiotic exposure as they enter capillaries. This device fits onto the OpenFlexure 3D-printed digital microscope using a Raspberry Pi computer and v2 camera, avoiding need for expensive laboratory microscopes. This inexpensive and portable digital microscope platform had sufficient magnification to detect motile bacteria, yet wide enough field of view to monitor bacteria behavior as they entered antibiotic-loaded microcapillaries. The image quality was sufficient to detect how bacterial motility was inhibited by different concentrations of antibiotic. We conclude that a 3D-printed Raspberry Pi-based microscope combined with disposable microfluidic test strips permit rapid, easy-to-use bacterial motility detection, with potential for aiding detection of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13111974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:28:58Z","timestamp":1668479338000},"page":"1974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rapid Bacterial Motility Monitoring Using Inexpensive 3D-Printed OpenFlexure Microscopy Allows Microfluidic Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tai","family":"Diep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3407-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Needs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bizley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2369-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK"},{"name":"Capillary Film Technology Ltd., Billingshurst RH14 9TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC01397G","article-title":"Multiparameter antibiotic resistance detection based on hydrodynamic trapping of individual E. coli","volume":"19","author":"Pitruzzello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.115","article-title":"Evolution by flight and fight: Diverse mechanisms of adaptation by actively motile microbes","volume":"11","author":"Rendueles","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2507-z","article-title":"Defining motility in the Staphylococci","volume":"74","author":"Pollitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol. 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Microbiol. Infect."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/13\/11\/1974\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:55Z","timestamp":1760145475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/13\/11\/1974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["mi13111974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi13111974","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]}}}