{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:30:18Z","timestamp":1790728218891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French National Research Agency (ANR)","award":["EUR MANUTECH SLEIGHT-ANR-17-EURE-0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EUR MANUTECH SLEIGHT-ANR-17-EURE-0026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of ultrafast laser pulses for eye anterior segment surgery has seen a tremendous growth of interest as the technique has revolutionized the field, from the treatment of myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia in the cornea to laser-assisted cataract surgery of the crystalline lens. For the latter, a comprehensive understanding of the laser\u2013tissue interaction has yet to be achieved, mainly because of the challenge of observing the interaction zone in situ with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution in the complex and multi-layered tissue of the crystalline lens. We report here on the dedicated characterization results of the laser\u2013tissue interaction zone in the ex vivo porcine lens using three different methods: in situ and real-time microscopy, wide-field optical imaging, and phase-contrast microscopy of the histological cross sections. These complementary approaches together revealed new physical and biological consequences of laser irradiation: a low-energy interaction regime (pulse energy below ~1 \u00b5J) with very limited cavitation effects and a stronger photo-disruption regime (pulse energy above 1 \u00b5J) with a long cavitation duration from seconds to minutes, resulting in elongated spots. These advances in the understanding of the ultrafast laser\u2019s interactions with the lens are of the utmost importance for the preparation of the next-generation treatments that will be applied to the lens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13122128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T03:32:25Z","timestamp":1669865545000},"page":"2128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of Femtosecond Laser and Porcine Crystalline Lens Interactions by Optical Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Olfa","family":"Ben Moussa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology, BiiO, Faculty of Medicine, Health Innovation Campus, Jean Monnet University, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderazek","family":"Talbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology, BiiO, Faculty of Medicine, Health Innovation Campus, Jean Monnet University, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Poinard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology, BiiO, Faculty of Medicine, Health Innovation Campus, Jean Monnet University, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7676-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibaud","family":"Garcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology, BiiO, Faculty of Medicine, Health Innovation Campus, Jean Monnet University, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7752-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology, BiiO, Faculty of Medicine, Health Innovation Campus, Jean Monnet University, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Thuret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology, BiiO, Faculty of Medicine, Health Innovation Campus, Jean Monnet University, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Gain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging for Ophthalmology, BiiO, Faculty of Medicine, Health Innovation Campus, Jean Monnet University, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEJAKO, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4072-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xxx","family":"Sedao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5723-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyril","family":"Mauclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet, 42000 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1109\/2944.796309","article-title":"Corneal refractive surgery with femtosecond lasers","volume":"5","author":"Juhasz","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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