{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:43:02Z","timestamp":1790710982353,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tesca group"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Textile-based Joule heaters in combination with multifunctional materials, fabrication tactics, and optimized designs have changed the paradigm of futuristic intelligent clothing systems, particularly in the automobile field. In the design of heating systems integrated into a car seat, conductive coatings via 3D printing are expected to have further benefits over conventional rigid electrical elements such as a tailored shape and increased comfort, feasibility, stretchability, and compactness. In this regard, we report on a novel heating technique for car seat fabrics based on the use of smart conductive coatings. For easier processes and integration, an extrusion 3D printer is employed to achieve multilayered thin films coated on the surface of the fabric substrate. The developed heater device consists of two principal copper electrodes (so-called power buses) and three identical heating resistors made of carbon composites. Connections between the copper power bus and the carbon resistors are made by means of sub-divide the electrodes, which is critical for electrical\u2013thermal coupling. Finite element models (FEM) are developed to predict the heating behavior of the tested substrates under different designs. It is pointed out that the most optimized design solves important drawbacks of the initial design in terms of temperature regularity and overheating. Full characterizations of the electrical and thermal properties, together with morphological analyses via SEM images, are conducted on different coated samples, making it possible to identify the relevant physical parameters of the materials as well as confirm the printing quality. It is discovered through a combination of FEM and experimental evaluations that the printed coating patterns have a crucial impact on the energy conversion and heating performance. Our first prototype, thanks to many design optimizations, entirely meets the specifications required by the automobile industry. Accordingly, multifunctional materials together with printing technology could offer an efficient heating method for the smart textile industry with significantly improved comfort for both the designer and user.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14040762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T03:17:35Z","timestamp":1680146255000},"page":"762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Development and Optimization of 3D-Printed Flexible Electronic Coatings: A New Generation of Smart Heating Fabrics for Automobile Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9973-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9opold","family":"Diatezo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5907-159X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh-Quyen","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Tonellato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Company TESCA-Group, 17452 Massanes, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lluis","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Company TESCA-Group, 17452 Massanes, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2904-8422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Fabien","family":"Capsal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Jean","family":"Cottinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, X. 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