{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:11:53Z","timestamp":1760148713352,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2021-127712OB-C21","DIN2020-011622","TESIS2019010100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127712OB-C21","DIN2020-011622","TESIS2019010100"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2021-127712OB-C21","DIN2020-011622","TESIS2019010100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127712OB-C21","DIN2020-011622","TESIS2019010100"]}]},{"name":"Canary Agency for Research, Innovation, and Information Society (ACIISI)","award":["PID2021-127712OB-C21","DIN2020-011622","TESIS2019010100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127712OB-C21","DIN2020-011622","TESIS2019010100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a novel and compact vector modulator (VM) architecture implemented in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The design is suitable for use in receive phased arrays for the gateways of major low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations that operate in the 17.8 to 20.2 GHz frequency range. The proposed architecture uses four variable gain amplifiers (VGA) that are active at any given time and are switched to generate the four quadrants. Compared to conventional architectures, this structure is more compact and produces double the output amplitude. The design offers 6-bit phase control for 360\u00b0, and the total root mean square (RMS) phase and gain errors are 2.36\u00b0 and 1.46 dB, respectively. The design occupies an area of 1309.4 \u03bcm \u00d7 1783.8 \u03bcm (including pads).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14061184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T01:40:56Z","timestamp":1685583656000},"page":"1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 17.8\u201320.2 GHz Compact Vector-Sum Phase Shifter in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS Technology for LEO Gateways Receivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"del Pino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil L.","family":"Khemchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7296-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"San-Miguel-Montesdeoca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Innovative MMIC (WIMMIC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2565-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Mateos-Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Innovative MMIC (WIMMIC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mayor-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Innovative MMIC (WIMMIC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7962-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Saiz-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Innovative MMIC (WIMMIC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0174-7408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Galante-Sempere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.03.040","article-title":"A Technical Comparison of Three Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellation Systems to Provide Global Broadband","volume":"159","author":"Cameron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merino-Fernandez, I., Khemchandani, S.L., del Pino, J., and Saiz-Perez, J. 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