{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:11:34Z","timestamp":1770142294519,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 110-2628-E-011-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2628-E-011-003"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2923-E-011-003-MY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2923-E-011-003-MY"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-NU-E-011-001-NU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-NU-E-011-001-NU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are several treatment protocols for acute viral hepatitis, and it is critical to recognize acute hepatitis in its earliest stages. Public health measures to control these infections also rely on rapid and accurate diagnosis. The diagnosis of viral hepatitis remains expensive, and there is no adequate public health infrastructure, while the virus is not well-controlled. New methods for screening and detecting viral hepatitis through nanotechnology are being developed. Nanotechnology significantly reduces the cost of screening. In this review, the potential of three-dimensional-nanostructured carbon substances as promising materials due to fewer side effects, and the contribution of these particles to effective tissue transfer in the treatment and diagnosis of hepatitis due to the importance of rapid diagnosis for successful treatment, were extensively investigated. In recent years, three-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as graphene oxide and nanotubes with special chemical, electrical, and optical properties have been used for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis due to their high potential. We expect that the future position of nanoparticles in the rapid diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis can be better determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14061185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T01:40:56Z","timestamp":1685583656000},"page":"1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Advanced Theranostic Strategies for Viral Hepatitis Using Carbon Nanostructures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-159X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Gholami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Mojtaba","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7705-9930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Masoumzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3808-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Binazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamran Bagheri","family":"Lankarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Policy Research Center, Health Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Omidifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Arjmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14687-63785, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Hung","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Moghadami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson Pynadathu","family":"Rumjit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Level 3, Block A, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.08.005","article-title":"Nanomaterials based optical biosensing of hepatitis: Recent analytical advancements","volume":"107","author":"Soleymani","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. 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