{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:36:52Z","timestamp":1785577012195,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP2023R469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R469"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study attempts to evaluate the formation, morphology, and physico-chemical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized from Clinopodium vulgare extract at different pH values and to investigate their antimicrobial and biomedical application potential. The reduction of zinc ions to ZnO NPs was determined by UV spectra, which revealed absorption peaks at 390 nm at pH 5 and 348 nm at pH 9, respectively. The spherical morphology of the nanoparticles was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the size was 47 nm for pH 5 and 45 nm for pH 9. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to reveal the presence of functional groups on the surface of nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity was examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Klebsiella pneumonia via the agar-well diffusion method. Comparatively, the highest activities were recorded at pH 9 against all bacterial strains, and among these, biogenic ZnO NPs displayed the maximum inhibition zone (i.e., 20.88 \u00b1 0.79 mm) against S. aureus. ZnO NPs prepared at pH 9 exhibited the highest antifungal activity of 80% at 25 mg\/mL and antileishmanial activity of 82% at 400 mg\/mL. Altogether, ZnO NPs synthesized at pH 9 show promising antimicrobial potential and could be used for biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14071285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T02:05:02Z","timestamp":1687745102000},"page":"1285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles at Different pH Values from Clinopodium vulgare L. and Their Assessment as an Antimicrobial Agent and Biomedical Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hajira","family":"Arif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidra","family":"Qayyum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasim","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iram","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1940-2179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas Khan","family":"Kayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli 11100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khursheed Ur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wedad A.","family":"Al-Onazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4883-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal M.","family":"Al-Mohaimeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naila Khan","family":"Bangash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasra","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3364-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Abdul","family":"Razak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.121090","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, characterization, biological activity and photocatalytic degradation for tartrazine yellow dye","volume":"371","author":"Wouters","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popa, M.L., Preda, M.D., Neac\u0219u, I.A., Grumezescu, A.M., and Ginghin\u0103, O. (2023). Traditional vs. Microfluidic Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031875"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.03.062","article-title":"Graphene, carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide and gold as elite nanomaterials for fabrication of biosensors for healthcare","volume":"70","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9663","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA28125C","article-title":"Synergistic antibacterial activity of barium doped TiO2 nanoclusters synthesized by microwave processing","volume":"12","author":"Vijayalakshmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114751","article-title":"Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract mediated ZnO nanoparticles with prodigious potential for solar driven photocatalytic degradation of industrial contaminants","volume":"216","author":"Dhiman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"163","article-title":"Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biot. Res. Today"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202200560","article-title":"Biocompatible formulations based on mycosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles: Fabrication, characterization, and biological investigation","volume":"2","author":"Kamal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"112","article-title":"Factors affecting the geometry of silver nanoparticles synthesis in Chrysosporium tropicum and Fusarium oxysporum","volume":"1","author":"Soni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-009-9602-5","article-title":"Process variables in biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaves","volume":"1","author":"Tripathy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Green synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of bimetallic (Ag-ZnO) nanoparticles using Capparis zeylanica leaf extract","volume":"11","author":"Suresh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2993","article-title":"Selective cytotoxic activities of two novel synthetic drugs on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells","volume":"29","author":"Badisa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1467","article-title":"A omprehensive review on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Elaeagnus angustifolia L","volume":"11","author":"Senapati","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljabali, A.A., Akkam, Y., Al Zoubi, M.S., Al-Batayneh, K.M., Al-Trad, B., Abo Alrob, O., Alkilany, A.M., Benamara, M., and Evans, D.J. (2018). Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Ziziphus zizyphus and their antimicrobial activity. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8030174"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7352-0","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity study of coated anatase-rutile titania nanoparticles with nanocrystalline tin dioxide based on the statistical analysis","volume":"191","author":"Abbasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00778","article-title":"Microbial fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their antimicrobial and photocatalytic properties","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12232","article-title":"Photosynthesis and antileishmanial activity of gold nanoparticles by Maytenus Royleanus","volume":"40","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-017-0132-9","article-title":"Effect of different capping agents on physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"71","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.200700101","article-title":"Silicon modulates the metabolism and utilization of phenolic compounds in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown at excess manganese","volume":"170","author":"Nikolic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"3413350","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterizations of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extracts of coffee (Coffea arabica) and its application in environmental toxicity reduction","volume":"2021","author":"Abel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alyamani, A.A., Albukhaty, S., Aloufi, S., AlMalki, F.A., Al-Karagoly, H., and Sulaiman, G.M. (2021). Green fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using phlomis leaf extract: Characterization and in vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206140"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2015.02.041","article-title":"Synthesis, characteristics and antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"144","author":"Janaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1504\/PIE.2019.098760","article-title":"The influence of ZnO nanoparticles amount on the optimisation of photo degradation of methyl orange using decorated MWCNTs","volume":"13","author":"Abbasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00249","article-title":"Biogenic synthesis and characterization of antimicrobial and antiparasitic zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of the Himalayan Columbine (Aquilegia pubiflora)","volume":"7","author":"Jan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111897","article-title":"Green synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"204","author":"Gur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, R.A., Toledo, R.P., Joshi, N., and Berengue, O.M. (2021). Green synthesis and applications of ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082236"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-016-2766-6","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using marine Streptomyces sp. with its investigations on anticancer and antibacterial activity","volume":"43","author":"Balraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015008","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6254\/aaa6f1","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle using insulin plant (Costus pictus D. Don) and investigation of its antimicrobial as well as anticancer activities","volume":"9","author":"Suresh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569758","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3569758","article-title":"A review on green synthesis, biomedical applications, and toxicity studies of ZnO NPs","volume":"2018","author":"Kalpana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinorg. Chem. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, B.A., Iqbal, J., Ahmad, R., Zia, L., Kanwal, S., Mahmood, T., Wang, C., and Chen, J.T. (2019). Bioactivities of Geranium wallichianum leaf extracts conjugated with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10010038"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9210817","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9210817","article-title":"Green versus chemical precipitation methods of preparing zinc oxide nanoparticles and investigation of antimicrobial properties","volume":"2021","author":"Bekele","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8617290","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8617290","article-title":"Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by hydrothermal methods and spectroscopic investigation of ultraviolet radiation protective properties","volume":"2021","author":"Bulcha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onano.2018.08.001","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using tuber extract of anchote (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cong.) for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity assessment","volume":"3","author":"Safawo","year":"2018","journal-title":"OpenNano"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.215501","article-title":"p-Type conductivity in n-doped ZnO: The role of the NZn \u2212 VO complex","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2016.06.006","article-title":"Antifungal activity of magnetically separable Fe3O4\/ZnO\/AgBr nanocomposites prepared by a facile microwave-assisted method","volume":"26","author":"Hoseinzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"754","article-title":"Study on the activity of ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposite against bacteria and fungi","volume":"52","author":"Omar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.09.010","article-title":"Chitosan coated Ag\/ZnO nanocomposite and their antibiofilm, antifungal and cytotoxic effects on murine macrophages","volume":"100","author":"Thaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, V.T., Vu, V.T., Nguyen, T.A., Tran, V.K., and Nguyen-Tri, P. (2019). Antibacterial activity of TiO2-and ZnO-decorated with silver nanoparticles. J. Compos. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs3020061"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20988","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99839-z","article-title":"Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaf extracts and their multiple in vitro biological applications","volume":"11","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12652","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and antifungal activity of chemically and fungal-produced silver nanoparticles against Trichophyton rubrum","volume":"117","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamal, A., Saba, M., Kamal, A., Batool, M., Asif, M., Al-Mohaimeed, A.M., Al Farraj, D.A., Habib, D., and Ahmad, S. (2023). Bioinspired Green Synthesis of Bimetallic Iron and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mushroom Extract and Use against Aspergillus niger; The Most Devastating Fungi of the Green World. Catalysts, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13020400"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"3556","article-title":"A High-Efficiency, Broadband CMOS Power Amplifier for Cognitive Radio Applications","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayat, S., Ashraf, A., Zubair, M., Aslam, B., Siddique, M.H., Khurshid, M., Saqalein, M., Khan, A.M., Almatroudi, A., and Naeem, Z. (2022). Biofabrication of ZnO nanoparticles using Acacia arabica leaf extract and their antibiofilm and antioxidant potential against foodborne pathogens. PloS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259190"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2019.100391","article-title":"Improved mechanical and antibacterial properties of active LDPE films prepared with combination of Ag, ZnO and CuO nanoparticles","volume":"22","author":"Dehghani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Song, L., and Xu, Y. (2022). C-Band 30 W High PAE Power Amplifier MMIC with Second Harmonic Suppression for Radar Network Application. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13122079"}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/14\/7\/1285\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:59:05Z","timestamp":1760126345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/14\/7\/1285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["mi14071285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi14071285","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]}}}