{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T20:20:19Z","timestamp":1791750019931,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation","award":["UID 118469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID 118469"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation","award":["UID 116258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID 116258"]}]},{"name":"MDPI\u2019s Micromachines Journal","award":["UID 118469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID 118469"]}]},{"name":"MDPI\u2019s Micromachines Journal","award":["UID 116258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID 116258"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antidepressants used for the treatment of moderate to severe depressive disorder, personality disorders and various phobias. This class of antidepressants was created with improved margins of safety. However, genetic polymorphism may be responsible for the high variability in patients\u2019 responses to treatment, ranging from failure to delayed therapeutic responses to severe adverse effects of treatment. It is crucial that the appropriate amount of SSRI drugs is administered to ensure the optimum therapeutic efficacy and intervention to minimise severe and toxic effects in patients, which may be the result of accidental and deliberate cases of poisoning. Determining SSRI concentration in human fluids and the environment with high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, and at a low cost and real-time monitoring, is imperative. Electrochemical sensors with advanced functional materials have drawn the attention of researchers as a result of these advantages over conventional techniques. This review article aims to present functional materials such as polymers, carbon nanomaterials, metal nanomaterials as well as composites for surface modification of electrodes for sensitive detection and quantification of SSRIs, including fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline. Sensor fabrication, sensor\/analyte interactions, design rationale and properties of functional material and the electrocatalytic effect of the modified electrode on SSRI detection are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14071334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:51:06Z","timestamp":1688086266000},"page":"1334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Review on Surface-Modified Electrodes for the Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Simone C. L.","family":"Barry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SensorLab Laboratories, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2892-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candice","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SensorLab Laboratories, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5792-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takalani","family":"Mulaudzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Life Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keagan","family":"Pokpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SensorLab Laboratories, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0899-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel Fanelwa","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SensorLab Laboratories, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Tao, J., Su, L., Wang, J., and Jiao, T. 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