{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:22:35Z","timestamp":1760149355285,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Innovation Promition Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022296","Q20221006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022296","Q20221006"]}]},{"name":"Educational Commission of Hubei Province","award":["2022296","Q20221006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022296","Q20221006"]}]},{"name":"Research Center for Deep Space Explorations of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["2022296","Q20221006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022296","Q20221006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Space vehicles such as missiles and aircraft have relatively long tracking distances. Infrared (IR) detectors are used for small target detection. The target presents point target characteristics, which lack contour, shape, and texture information. The high-brightness cloud edge and high noise have an impact on the detection of small targets because of the complex background of the sky and ground environment. Traditional template-based filtering and local contrast-based methods do not distinguish between different complex background environments, and their strategy is to unify small-target template detection or to use absolute contrast differences; so, it is easy to have a high false alarm rate. It is necessary to study the detection and tracking methods in complex backgrounds and low signal-to-clutter ratios (SCRs). We use the complexity difference as a prior condition for detection in the background of thick clouds and ground highlight buildings. Then, we use the spatial domain filtering and improved local contrast joint algorithm to obtain a significant area. We also provide a new definition of gradient uniformity through the improvement of the local gradient method, which could further enhance the target contrast. It is important to distinguish between small targets, highlighted background edges, and noise. Furthermore, the method can be used for parallel computing. Compared with the traditional space filtering algorithm or local contrast algorithm, the flexible fusion strategy can achieve the rapid detection of small targets with a higher signal-to-clutter ratio gain (SCRG) and background suppression factor (BSF).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14081552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:04:38Z","timestamp":1690974278000},"page":"1552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Adaptive Infrared Small-Target-Detection Fusion Algorithm Based on Multiscale Local Gradient Contrast for Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7450-957X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200120, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200120, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhencai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200120, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Lab of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6609-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai-Hung","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 100872, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Saskatechewan, Saskatoon, SK S7K 0C8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai-Leung","family":"Yung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 100872, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Ji, Q. 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