{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:45:16Z","timestamp":1760143516456,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lassonde Innovation Found","award":["LIF-2023-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIF-2023-A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces an innovative method for the analysis of alcohol\u2013water droplets on a CMOS capacitive sensor, leveraging the controlled thermal behavior of the droplets. Using this sensing method, the capacitive sensor measures the total time of evaporation (ToE), which can be influenced by the droplet volume, temperature, and chemical composition. We explored this sensing method by introducing binary mixtures of water and ethanol or methanol across a range of concentrations (0\u2013100%, with 10% increments). The experimental results indicate that while the capacitive sensor is effective in measuring both the total ToE and dielectric properties, a higher dynamic range and resolution are observed in the former. Additionally, an array of sensing electrodes successfully monitors the droplet\u2013sensor surface interaction. However practical considerations such as the creation of parasitic capacitance due to mismatch, arise from the large sensing area in the proposed capacitive sensors and other similar devices. In this paper, we discuss this non-ideality and propose a solution. Also, this paper showcases the benefits of utilizing a CMOS capacitive sensing method for accurately measuring ToE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15020232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T09:04:21Z","timestamp":1706778261000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Multidisciplinary Approach toward CMOS Capacitive Sensor Array for Droplet Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hamed","family":"Osouli Tabrizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0937-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saghi","family":"Forouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayebeh","family":"Azadmousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551395133, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7090-2304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Ghafar-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Biosensors in POCT application","volume":"28","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. 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