{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:33:51Z","timestamp":1791646431793,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We introduce a novel approach for highly parallel droplet dispensing with precise control over the droplet parameters such as droplet volume, droplet velocity, etc. This approach facilitates the fabrication of homogeneous and precise thin layers with uniform coverage on defined small areas (e.g., a specific area of 1 \u00d7 1.4 mm2 in microfluidic channels or microwells). The presented approach ensures layer uniformity and high precision in X\/Y extent and edge resolution, making it well suited for achieving precise and controlled coating for a variety of applications such as homogeneous coatings for lateral flow tests, ELISA plates, and biosensors for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. Our approach is based on direct liquid displacement employing a piston that is in direct contact with the liquid and an array of nozzles. Considering a variety of nozzle chip designs (i.e., varying nozzle diameter and pitch), we evaluated a multitude of parameters to derive general design rules for the nozzle chip design. Thus, we achieved a tunable droplet volume from 200 to 800 pL and droplet velocities from 0.5 to 2.5 m\/s, applying a nozzle diameter of 50 \u03bcm and a nozzle pitch of 165 \u03bcm. The presented results showcase the versatility of the approach, offering precise dispensing capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15070824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T13:26:43Z","timestamp":1719494803000},"page":"824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Highly Parallel Droplet Dispensing Approach to Provide Homogeneous and Controllable Droplet Arrays for Diagnostic Test Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Omid","family":"Rajabnia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioFluidix GmbH, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 302, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioFluidix GmbH, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 302, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Lass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioFluidix GmbH, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 302, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Riegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioFluidix GmbH, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 302, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5348-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Zengerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Hahn-Schickard, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927606061848","article-title":"Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Pigment Particles by High-Resolution and Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM and AEM)","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ducree, J., Gruhler, H., Hey, N., Muller, M., Bekesi, S., Freygang, M., Sandmaiser, H., and Zengerle, R. (2000, January 23\u201327). TOPSPOT-a new method for the fabrication of microarrays. Proceedings of the IEEE Thirteenth Annual International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (Cat. No.00CH36308), Miyazaki, Japan."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2018-0057","article-title":"Inkjet printing for localized coating and functionalization of medical devices","volume":"4","author":"Mau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(06)10008-7","article-title":"Printing Your Own Inkjet Microarrays","volume":"Volume 410","author":"Lausted","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jala.2008.04.003","article-title":"Micro-Stamp Systems for Batch-Filling, Parallel-Spotting, and Continuously Printing of Multiple Biosample Fluids","volume":"13","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"JALA J. Assoc. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15576","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c22048","article-title":"Deep-learning-based microfluidic droplet classification for multijet monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"541","article-title":"Future, opportunities and challenges of inkjet technologies","volume":"23","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"At. Sprays"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/14\/4\/009","article-title":"Selective chemical surface modification of fluidic microsystems and characterization","volume":"14","author":"Breisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198732","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/198732","article-title":"An Optical Approach for the Determination of Droplet Volumes in Nanodispensing","volume":"2009","author":"Thurow","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autom. Methods Manag. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Lide, R.L. (2001). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. [82nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/15\/7\/824\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:04:48Z","timestamp":1760108688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/15\/7\/824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["mi15070824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi15070824","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}}}