{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:03:56Z","timestamp":1792134236531,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This manuscript highlights the behavior of biodegradable polymers (PLA and HD PLA Green) coated with two distinct bronze alloy powders, Metco 51F-NS (Cu 9.5Al 1.2Fe) and Metco 445 (Cu 9.5Al). The coating was realized on printed samples by using the Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS) technique. The current investigation will explain the results related to the surface quality, micro-structure, morphology, and thermal and tribological properties. Thus, from a structural point of view, the most uniform deposition was obtained in the case of composite powder Metco 51F-NS. The thermal behavior of the samples coated with copper-based powder achieved stability up to temperatures slightly above 200 \u00b0C, with carbonization of the matrix structure taking place around 350 \u00b0C. The micro-indentation and scratch analysis responses were significantly influenced by the semicrystalline structure of the samples and the presence of the powder compounds. Based on the increased characteristics of the coated samples, the authors of the present paper consider that parts made of biodegradable polymers and coated with copper microparticles are appropriate for some applications which take place in adverse operating conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16010100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T06:46:10Z","timestamp":1737009970000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tribological and Structural Properties of Copper-Coated 3D-Printed Parts from Biodegradable Polymers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Feraru (Ilie)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6452-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona-Nicoleta","family":"Mazurchevici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3078-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta-Monica","family":"Lohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, Blvd. Dimitrie Mangeron 71A, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9961-5125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelin","family":"Benchea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanics, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, Str. Prof. Dr. Doc. Dimitrie Mangeron, No. 43, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6872-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian Cezar","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanics, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, Str. Prof. Dr. Doc. Dimitrie Mangeron, No. 43, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dumitru","family":"Nedelcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dizon, J.R.C., Gache, C.C.L., Cascolan, H.M.S., Cancino, L.T., and Advincula, R.C. (2021). Post-Processing of 3D-Printed Polymers. Technologies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies9030061"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017digon, J., Kari\u017e, M., and Pavli\u010d, M. (2020). Surface Finishing of 3D-Printed Polymers with Selected Coatings. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12122797"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2003.08.019","article-title":"Chelating ligands as powerful additives to manganese driers for solvent-borne and water-borne alkyd paints","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Rintz, R.A. (1998). Adhesion to Plastics; Molding and Paintability: Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces, Global Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540310477463","article-title":"Improved surface finish in 3D printing using bimodal powder distribution","volume":"9","author":"Lanzetta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s40032-016-0340-z","article-title":"Post processing methods used to improve surface finish of products which are manufactured by additive manufacturing technologies: A review","volume":"99","author":"Kumbhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauerbier, P., K\u00f6hler, R., Renner, G., and Militz, H. (2020). Surface activation of polylactic acid-based wood-plastic composite by atmospheric pressure plasma treatment. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204673"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2014.09.009","article-title":"Microstructure evolution and thermal durability with coating thickness in APS thermal barrier coatings","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2017.04.001","article-title":"Sliding wear behaviour of HVOF and HVAF sprayed Cr3C2-based coatings","volume":"388\u2013389","author":"Matikainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2008.04.043","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of Cr3C2\u2013NiCr vacuum plasma sprayed coatings","volume":"202","author":"Suarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2016.07.087","article-title":"Tribological and mechanical behaviour of Cr3C2\u2013NiCr thermally sprayed coatings after prolonged aging","volume":"305","author":"Gariboldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(97)00199-5","article-title":"An analytical model for predicting residual stresses in progressively deposited coatings Part 2: Cylindrical geometry","volume":"306","author":"Tsui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"128","article-title":"Coated Polymers\u2014A Review","volume":"XIV","author":"Mazurchevici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safavi, M.S., Walsh, F.C., Surmeneva, M.A., Surmenev, R.A., and Khalil-Allafi, J. (2021). Electrodeposited Hydroxyapatite-Based Biocoatings: Recent Progress and Future Challenges. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11010110"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., and Kim, W. (2021). Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Barrier Coating. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247801"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2008.08.020","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of metallic copper nanoparticles via thermal decomposition","volume":"27","author":"Davar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kulkarni, A., and Frettl\u00f6h, V. (2018, January 22\u201324). Simulation of CVD Process in a Reactor. Proceedings of the 2018 COMSOL Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland. Available online: https:\/\/www.comsol.com\/paper\/download\/571561\/kulkarni_paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/21870764.2019.1669861","article-title":"Bioactive coating as a surface modification technique for biocompatible metallic implants: A review","volume":"7","author":"Priyadarshini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Asian Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1515\/adms-2017-0049","article-title":"Investigation of mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of flame sprayed coatings","volume":"18","author":"Kciuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Metallizing Equipment Co. Pvt. Ltd (2020, June 28). Available online: https:\/\/www.mecpl.com\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2022.100780","article-title":"Elucidating the impact of enzymatic modifications on the structure, properties, and applications of cellulose, chitosan, starch and their derivatives: A review","volume":"24","author":"Shokri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2021.116308","article-title":"Biomedical application of hyperbranched polymers: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"142","author":"Saadati","year":"2021","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01349-x","article-title":"Biopolymer-based membranes from polysaccharides for CO2 separation: A review","volume":"20","author":"Seidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-10795-y","article-title":"3D printing of polylactic acid: Recent advances and opportunities","volume":"125","author":"Joseph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02812-0","article-title":"Ecofriendly synthesis of biosynthesized copper nanoparticles with starch-based nanocomposite: Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities","volume":"200","author":"Hasanin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2021.116279","article-title":"Poly (amino acids) towards sensing: Recent progress and challenges","volume":"140","author":"Kordasht","year":"2021","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1039\/D0PY00787K","article-title":"Radical polymerization as a versatile tool for surface grafting of thin hydrogel films","volume":"11","author":"Seidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11931","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CC03061A","article-title":"Fighting corrosion with stimuli-responsive polymer conjugates","volume":"56","author":"Seidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazurchevici, S.-N., Vaideanu, D., Rapp, D., Varganici, C.-D., C\u0103r\u0103u\u0219u, C., Boca, M., and Nedelcu, D. (2021). Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Thermal Expansion of Lignin-Based Biopolymers. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13172953"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazurchevici, S.-N., Marguta, A., Istrate, B., Benchea, M., Boca, M., and Nedelcu, D. (2021). Improvements of Arboblend V2 Nature Characteristics through Depositing Thin Ceramic Layers. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13213765"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0053","article-title":"Plastics, the environment and human health: Current consensus and future trends","volume":"364","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Carus, M. (2024, September 15). Bio-Based Building Blocks and Polymers\u2014Global Capacities, Production and Trends 2019\u20132024, Renew. Carbon Publ. (n.d.). Available online: https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/publications\/product\/bio-based-building-blocks-and-polymers-global-capacities-production-and-trends-2019-2024\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.04.057","article-title":"Parametric study of Al and Al2O3 ceramic coatings deposited by air plasma spray onto polymer substrate","volume":"257","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.06.086","article-title":"Bonding Behavior Studies of Cold Sprayed Copper Coating on the PVC Polymer Substrate","volume":"207","author":"Ganesan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.12.181","article-title":"Fabrication and property of novel double-layer coating deposited on polyimide matrix composites by atmospheric plasma spraying","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.11.023","article-title":"Embedment of Copper Particles into Polymers by Cold Spray","volume":"216","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-013-9942-7","article-title":"Effect of bond coats on thermal shock resistance of thermal barrier coatings deposited onto polymer matrix composites via air plasma spray process","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-014-0144-8","article-title":"Thermal shock resistance of stabilized zirconia\/metal coat on polymer matrix composites by thermal spraying process","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.07.042","article-title":"Fabrication of thermal barrier coatings onto polyimide matrix composites via air plasma spray process","volume":"207","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-015-9612-2","article-title":"Thermal ablation of stabilized zirconia\/metal coated polyimide matrix composites via plasma spray process","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72331","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA11270B","article-title":"Oxidation behavior of plasma-sprayed stabilized zirconia\/Al coated polymer matrix composites","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2013.12.494","article-title":"Study of the Influence of Ceramic Thermal Coating on the Mechanical Resistance of the Blades of Aircraft Engines","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-022-01404-1","article-title":"A Review of Thermally Sprayed Polymer Coatings","volume":"31","author":"Koivuluoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2010.08.128","article-title":"Deposition of Metallic Coatings on Polymer Surfaces Using Cold Spray","volume":"205","author":"Lupoi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7683(87)90116-8","article-title":"Elastic analysis of some punch problems for a layered medium","volume":"23","author":"King","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(01)00328-7","article-title":"Effects of the substrate on the determination of thin film mechanical properties by nanoindentation","volume":"50","author":"Saha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.02.173","article-title":"Microstructures and properties of doubleceramic-layer thermal barrier coatings of La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7\/8YSZ made by atmospheric plasma spraying","volume":"340","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1557\/adv.2019.418","article-title":"Understanding the cold spray deposition characteristics of mixed metal powders","volume":"4","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"MRS Adv."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"437","article-title":"Cold spray of metal-polymer composite coatings onto Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)","volume":"1","author":"Bortolussi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1361\/105996302770348682","article-title":"An analysis of the Cold Spray Process and its Coatings","volume":"11","author":"Stoltenhoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.09.052","article-title":"Cold spray of mixed metal powders on carbon fibre reinforced polymers","volume":"329","author":"Che","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-010-9491-2","article-title":"Effect of powder type and composition on structure and mechanical properties of Cu+ Al2O3 coatings prepared by using low-pressure cold spray process","volume":"19","author":"Koivuluoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-019-00911-y","article-title":"Depositing al-based metallic coatings onto polymer substrates by cold spray","volume":"28","author":"Rokni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-013-9984-x","article-title":"Cold Spray Coating Deposition Mechanism on the Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymer Substrates","volume":"22","author":"Ganesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2013.04.115","article-title":"Cold Gas Spray Titanium Coatings onto a Biocompatible Polymer","volume":"106","author":"Gardon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"82","article-title":"Crystallinity in poly(aryl ether ketone) films studied by raman-spectroscopy","volume":"27","author":"Louden","year":"1986","journal-title":"Polym. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/02670844.2016.1277843","article-title":"Metallisation of polycarbonates using a low pressure cold spray method","volume":"34","author":"Winnicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05349-z","article-title":"High deposition efficiency and delamination issuesduring high-pressure cold spraying metallization of PEEK usingspherical copper powders","volume":"107","author":"Koithara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(00)00516-8","article-title":"Measurement of metallic coatings adhesion to fibre reinforced plastic materials","volume":"126","author":"Beydon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Ganesan, A., Yamada, M., and Fukumoto, M. (2013, January 13\u201315). The Effect of CFRP Surface Treatment on the Splat Morphology and Coating Adhesion Strength. Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference 2013, Busan, Republic of Korea."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2024, September 25). Oerlikon Metco\u2013Materials and Surface Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.oerlikon.com\/metco\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.37358\/MP.20.2.5368","article-title":"Technological parameters effects on mechanical properties of biodegradable materials using FDM","volume":"57","author":"Mazurchevici","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Plast."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Wagner, M. (2017). Thermal Analysis in Practice, Fundamental Aspects, Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Company KG. Technology & Engineering."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16866","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA00295E","article-title":"Phosphorylation of lignin: Characteri-zation and investigation of the thermal decomposition","volume":"7","author":"Prieur","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.60.7.849","article-title":"Combustion Kinetics and Emission Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Polylactic Acid Combustion","volume":"60","author":"Chien","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazurchevici, S.-N., Mota\u0219, J.G., Diaconu, M., Lisa, G., Lohan, N.M., Glod, M., and Nedelcu, D. (2021). Nanocomposite Biopolymer Arboblend V2 Nature AgNPs. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13172932"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705711423291","article-title":"Comparison of injection moulded, natural fibre-reinforced composites with PP and PLA as matrices","volume":"25","author":"Mofokeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"353","article-title":"Thermal degradation of lignin\u2014A review","volume":"44","author":"Brebu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"725","article-title":"Thermal Characteristics of Lignin Residue from Industrial Processes","volume":"9","author":"Sameni","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b00129","article-title":"Improving the Impact Strength and Heat Resistance of 3D Printed Models: Structure, Property, and Processing Correlationships during Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) of Poly(Lactic Acid)","volume":"3","author":"Benwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108768107010579","article-title":"Solid-state compounds of stereoisomers: Cis and trans isomers of 1, 2-cyclohexanediol and 2, 3-tetralindiol","volume":"63","author":"Lloyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108768193013096","article-title":"Crystal structure of \u03b2-Al4. 5FeSi","volume":"50","author":"Romming","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2010.3446","article-title":"The structure of schwertmannite, a nanocrystalline iron oxyhydroxysulfate","volume":"95","author":"Timon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1039\/a700054e","article-title":"Crystal structure of \u03ba-alumina: An X-ray powder diffraction, TEM and NMR study","volume":"7","author":"Ollivier","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"2869","article-title":"Reversible lithium insertion and copper extrusion in layered oxysulfides","volume":"27","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4596(89)90188-6","article-title":"Refinement of the crystal structure of tetragonal Al2Cu","volume":"83","author":"Meetsma","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8889","DOI":"10.1021\/ja034813+","article-title":"Structural tuning of charge, orbital, and spin ordering in double-cell perovskite series between NdBaFe2O5 and HoBaFe2O5","volume":"125","author":"Woodward","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1021\/ic026022z","article-title":"Mixed valence in YBaFe2O5","volume":"42","author":"Woodward","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Wyckoff, R.W.G. (1963). Crystal Structures, Interscience publishers."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13508","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9052569","article-title":"Crystal structure of ammonia monohydrate phase II","volume":"131","author":"Fortes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dave, H.K., and Nedelcu, D. (2021). Advances in Manufacturing Processes, Springer. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9117-4"}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/16\/1\/100\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:29:51Z","timestamp":1759919391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/16\/1\/100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["mi16010100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi16010100","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]}}}