{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T14:06:56Z","timestamp":1784038016187,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China \u201cDamage Mechanisms of Advanced Space Infrastructure\u201d","award":["2022YFF0503600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503600"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China \u201cDamage Mechanisms of Advanced Space Infrastructure\u201d","award":["YSC0323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSC0323"]}]},{"name":"Self-development Research project of Lanzhou Institute of Physics","award":["2022YFF0503600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503600"]}]},{"name":"Self-development Research project of Lanzhou Institute of Physics","award":["YSC0323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSC0323"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Space particle radiation induces charging and discharging phenomena in spacecraft dielectric materials, leading to electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic pulses (EMP), which pose significant risks to spacecraft electronic systems by causing interference and potential damage. Accurate and timely monitoring of these phenomena, combined with a comprehensive understanding of their underlying mechanisms, is critical for developing effective protection strategies against satellite charging effects. Addressing in-orbit monitoring requirements, this study proposes the design of a compact sleeve monopole antenna. Through simulations, the relationships between the antenna\u2019s design parameters and its voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) are analyzed alongside its critical performance characteristics, including frequency band, gain, radiation pattern, and matching circuit. The proposed antenna demonstrates operation within a frequency range of (28.73\u201331.25) MHz (VSWR &lt; 2), with a center frequency of 30 MHz and a relative bandwidth of 8.4%. Performance evaluations and simulation-based experiments reveal that the antenna can measure pulse signals with electric field strengths ranging from (\u22121000 to \u221280) V\/m and (80 to 1000) V\/m, centered at 25.47 MHz. It reliably monitors discharge pulses generated by electron irradiation on spacecraft-grade FR4 (Flame-Retardant 4) dielectric materials, providing technical support for the engineering application of discharge research in space environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16020180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T06:42:36Z","timestamp":1738305756000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Research on Monitoring Methods for Electrostatic Discharge Pulses in Spacecraft Dielectric Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3577-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"The 43rd Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Hefei 230000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanwu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengsheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93473","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927811","article-title":"A review of the space environment effects on spacecraft in different orbits","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X., Zhang, J., Wei, M., and Wang, Y. 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