{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:33:49Z","timestamp":1777394029131,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology Program of China under Contract","award":["2018-000052-73-01-001228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-000052-73-01-001228"]}]},{"name":"Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology Program of China under Contract","award":["912188707023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["912188707023"]}]},{"name":"Major Special Science and Technology Project of Anhui Province","award":["2018-000052-73-01-001228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-000052-73-01-001228"]}]},{"name":"Major Special Science and Technology Project of Anhui Province","award":["912188707023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["912188707023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a method for real-time terahertz imaging that employs a hydrogen cyanide (HCN) laser as a terahertz source at 0.89 THz and an AlGaN\/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) terahertz detector as a camera. We developed an HCN laser and constructed a transmission imaging system based on it. This combination utilizes a high-power HCN laser with a highly sensitive terahertz detector, enabling practical applications of real-time terahertz imaging. A resolution test plane was produced to determine that the system could achieve a lateral resolution of 2 mm, and real-time terahertz imaging was carried out on Siemens star, pistachios, and sunflower seeds. The results demonstrate that the hidden structures inside nuts can be observed by terahertz imaging. Through our analysis of terahertz images of both sunflower seeds and pine nuts, we successfully assessed their fullness and demonstrated the capability to distinguish between full and unfilled nuts. These findings validate the potential of this technique for future applications in nut detection. We discuss the limitations of the current setup, potential improvements, and possible applications, and we outline the introduction of aspherical lenses and terahertz transmission tomography.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16020185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1738646023000},"page":"185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-Time 0.89 THz Terahertz Imaging with High-Electron-Mobility Transistor Detector and Hydrogen Cyanide Laser for Non-Destructive Nut Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4547-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1946-4190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huihui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinxian","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5497-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damao","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Y.H., Fitzgerald, A.J., and Wallace, V.P. 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