{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T21:34:30Z","timestamp":1787693670006,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["113-2221-E-008-117-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2221-E-008-117-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Until now, the ultimate solution for blind people has not been achieved, because challenges still exist. Retinal implants have emerged as a promising solution for restoring vision in individuals suffering from retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Central to the efficacy of these implants is the design and functionality of the electrode arrays responsible for stimulating retinal neurons. This review evaluates the evolution of retinal implants, with particular emphasis on electrode specifications, physiological considerations for electrical stimulation, and recent advancements in electrode design. A comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art published studies provides a detailed cross-comparison of electrode characteristics, offering insights into current state-of-the-art technologies and future directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16050598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T04:05:17Z","timestamp":1747800317000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Advances in Electrode Design and Physiological Considerations for Retinal Implants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9414-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cihun-Siyong","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Zhongli, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69740-7","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"368","author":"Hartong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra062326","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"355","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. 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