{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:11:46Z","timestamp":1790140306879,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While DC\/DC converters for water electrolysis systems have been widely investigated, they inherently face a critical compromise between wide voltage regulation capabilities and dynamic response characteristics. This study is based on a two-stage hybrid topology (TSIB-TPLLC) that synergistically combines a two-phase interleaved buck converter with a three-phase LLC resonant converter to resolve this challenge. The first-stage interleaved buck converter enables wide-range voltage regulation while reducing input current ripple and minimizing intermediate bus capacitance through phase-interleaved operation. The subsequent three-phase LLC stage operates at a fixed resonant frequency, achieving inherent output current ripple suppression through multi-phase cancellation while maintaining high conversion efficiency. A dual-loop control architecture incorporating linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) with PI compensation is developed to improve transient response compared to conventional PI-based methods. Finally, a 1.2 kW experimental prototype with an input voltage of 250 V and an output voltage of 24 V demonstrates the converter\u2019s operational feasibility and enhanced steady-state\/transient performance, confirming its suitability for hydrogen production applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16060665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1748867229000},"page":"665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High-Performance Two-Stage DC\/DC Converter Based on LADRC-PI Hybrid Control for PEM Electrolyzer Hydrogen Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qingshuai","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yetong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuanlong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongxing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.03.109","article-title":"Current status, research trends, and challenges in water electrolysis science and technology","volume":"45","author":"Grigoriev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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