{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:12:59Z","timestamp":1792789979047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a self-powered smart wrist brace integrated with a piezoelectric sensor for real-time biomechanical monitoring during weightlifting activities. The system was designed to quantify wrist flexion across multiple loading conditions (0 kg, 0.5 kg, and 1.0 kg), leveraging mechanical strain-induced voltage generation to capture angular displacement. A flexible PVDF film was embedded within a custom-fitted wrist brace and tested on male and female participants performing controlled wrist flexion. The resulting voltage signals were analyzed to extract root-mean-square (RMS) outputs, calibration curves, and sensitivity metrics. To interpret the experimental results analytically, a lumped-parameter cantilever beam model was developed, linking wrist flexion angles to piezoelectric voltage output based on mechanical deformation theory. The model assumed a linear relationship between wrist angle and induced strain, enabling theoretical voltage prediction through simplified material and geometric parameters. Model-predicted voltage responses were compared with experimental measurements, demonstrating a good agreement and validating the mechanical-electrical coupling approach. Experimental results revealed consistent voltage increases with both wrist angle and applied load, and regression analysis demonstrated strong linear or mildly nonlinear fits with high R2 values (up to 0.994) across all conditions. Furthermore, surface plots and strain sensitivity analyses highlighted the system\u2019s responsiveness to simultaneous angular and loading changes. These findings validate the smart wrist brace as a reliable, low-power biomechanical monitoring tool, with promising applications in injury prevention, rehabilitation, and real-time athletic performance feedback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16070775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T10:45:08Z","timestamp":1751366708000},"page":"775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Wrist Brace with Integrated Piezoelectric Sensors for Real-Time Biomechanical Monitoring in Weightlifting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UT Tyler Academy, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX 75799, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UT Tyler Academy, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX 75799, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1386-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alghamaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX 75799, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alwathiqbellah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX 75799, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"En-Tze","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UT Tyler Academy, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX 75799, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Whiting, W.C., and Zernicke, R.F. 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