{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:47:12Z","timestamp":1760060832122,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2023MK201","2024MK216","2021XKTD012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023MK201","2024MK216","2021XKTD012"]}]},{"name":"Program of CSEI Amusement Ride Health Management","award":["2023MK201","2024MK216","2021XKTD012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023MK201","2024MK216","2021XKTD012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomous vehicles, submersible robotic systems and drones, and other human-carrying equipment consistently adhere to a safety perimeter, ensuring collision-free navigation amidst surrounding objects. In contrast, roller coaster vehicles, despite being constrained to a predetermined track, necessitate frequent safety distance detection owing to the variability introduced by trees and decorative installations. Passengers\u2019 limbs may protrude beyond vehicle boundaries, posing a collision hazard. The motion range of limbs, influenced by vehicle-specific conditions, mismatches standardized safety volumes (cylindrical, cubic, and rectangular) designed for mobile entities. The roller coaster industry\u2019s current practice involves a moving safety frame, which visually inspects for collisions to assess safety distances, which is cumbersome and prone to oversight in intricate settings. Therefore, this study introduces a novel safety envelope detector (SE-detector). It creates a customer-defined virtual safety envelope around the roller coaster vehicle and measures the safety distance based on LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) to detect the intrusions of obstacles. Meanwhile, this SE-detector also innovatively integrated an accelerometer to synchronously measure the acceleration of the vehicle. The measured acceleration will be aligned with simulated sequences by dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithms to pinpoint intrusion location. Additionally, a wide-angle camera is also deployed to enhance perception of the surrounding environment. The SE-detector developed in this study has the capability to record inspection results. It is expected to enhance the inspection capabilities of the safety envelope for roller coasters, thereby improving the efficiency of safety distance inspection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16091062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T12:33:32Z","timestamp":1758285212000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LiDAR-Based Safety Envelope Detection with Accelerometer and DTW for Intrusion Localization in Roller Coasters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1899-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huajie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Center of Health Management of Large-Scale Amusement Device, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3045-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Center of Health Management of Large-Scale Amusement Device, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Center of Health Management of Large-Scale Amusement Device, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weikei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Center of Health Management of Large-Scale Amusement Device, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s12555-022-1016-5","article-title":"A Real-time Path Planning Algorithm for Mobile Robots Based on Safety Distance Matrix and Adaptive Weight Adjustment Strategy","volume":"22","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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