{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:08:24Z","timestamp":1788566904947,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008973","name":"University of North Texas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008973","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To ensure the highest safety standards in modern automobiles, the industry is constantly adopting zero-defect frameworks, such as AEC-Q100, which aims for defective-parts-per-billion (DPPB) or grade-0 level reliability standards in automotive integrated-circuit (IC) packages. Most contemporary wire-bonded packages use either pure copper (Cu) or palladium (Pd)-coated copper (PCC) wires bonded to aluminum (Al) bond pads as interconnections. This choice is made due to their lower cost and superior electrical and mechanical performance, compared to traditional gold wire-based devices. However, these Cu\u2013Al wire-bonded interconnections are prone to ion-induced lift-off\/open-circuit corrosion failures when exposed to even trace amounts (&lt;20 ppm) of extrinsic and\/or intrinsic halide (Cl\u2212 and Br\u2212) contaminants, decreasing device longevity. This study investigates corrosion failure mechanisms in Cu and PCC wire-based devices by subjecting non-encapsulated devices to a highly accelerated aqueous-immersion screening test containing 100 ppm chloride (Cl\u2212), 100 ppm bromide (Br\u2212), and a mixed-ion solution (MX: Cl\u2212 + Br\u2212). The screening results indicate that even control PCC-Al devices with a Pd overlayer can be susceptible to Cl\u2212 and Br\u2212 induced corrosion, with 21 \u00b1 1.6% lift-off failures in MX-solution. In contrast, applying a novel Cu-selective passivation reduced lift-off to 3.3 \u00b1 0.6% and introducing phosphonic-acid-based inhibitor into the MX solution eliminated lift-off failures, demonstrating markedly improved reliability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16101155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T08:10:31Z","timestamp":1760343031000},"page":"1155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Post Wire-Bonding Corrosion Prevention Strategies to Mitigate Chloride- and Bromide-Induced Corrosion Failures in Cu- and PCC-Based Wire-Bonded Packages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dinesh Kumar","family":"Kumaravel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9868-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinoj","family":"Sridharan Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanh Tuyet Anh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavan","family":"Ahluwalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Antony Jesu Durai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Chyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, I., Yauw, O., Schulze, G., Shah, A., Chylak, B., and Wong, N. 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