{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:38:13Z","timestamp":1774928293830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"secretary of public education","award":["PROMEP\/103.5\/09\/4985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMEP\/103.5\/09\/4985"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"science and technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COAH-2025-C25-B004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COAH-2025-C25-B004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"center for research in applied chemistry","award":["6787-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6787-F"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, the effect of aqueous dispersions of graphene oxide (GO) and nanosized graphene oxide (nGO) on the enzymatic polymerization of polyaniline (PANI) was studied. The enzymatic polymerization of PANI was carried out in aqueous medium using toluenesulfonic acid (TSA) as the dopant, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the catalyst, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant, using 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 wt% of GO and nGO. The morphology of PANI-GO\/nGO composites was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further characterization was performed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet\u2013visible (UV\u2013Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and X-ray photoelectronics (XPS). SEM images showed that during enzymatic polymerization, PANI completely covers the GO\/nGO sheets. Furthermore, physicochemical results confirmed the production of a hybrid PANI-GO\/nGO material with Van der Waals-type interactions between the oxygen-based functional groups of GO and the secondary amino bond (-NH-) of PANI. Also, cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out in situ during the polymerization of PANI-GO\/nGO films. The electrochemical response of PANI-GO\/nGO composites reflects two broad oxidation peaks around 300 mV and 500 mV during anodic scanning, with reversible oxidation during cathodic scanning. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were used to understand the mechanism of the composite film\u2019s growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16111287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1763375098000},"page":"1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Graphene Oxide Particle Size on the Enzymatic Synthesis of Polyaniline Films"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6891-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Guerrero-Bermea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/ITES de la Regi\u00f3n Carbon\u00edfera, Carretera 57, Km 120, Villa de Agujita 26950, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6578-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Sepulveda-Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica de la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza 66451, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6120-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Cruz-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada, Boulevard. E. Reyna 140, Saltillo 25153, Coahuila, Mexico"},{"name":"Institute for Aqua Regeneration, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA06904D","article-title":"Recent progress in graphene and its derived hybrid materials for high-performance supercapacitor electrode applications","volume":"14","author":"Sahoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-024-03080-w","article-title":"Chemical synthesis of quaternary hybrid conducting polymers@Cr2O3-graphene oxide electrodes with excellent performance in supercapacitors","volume":"35","author":"Khaldi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 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