{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:34:20Z","timestamp":1789029260478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031597","name":"National Forensic Service","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NFS2018DNA05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFS2018DNA05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031597","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["2021R1A2C2004458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2004458"]}]},{"name":"Chung-Ang University Graduate Research Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid and reliable on-site identification of body fluids is essential in forensic and field diagnostic applications. Commercial kits provide only single results and often suffer from cross-reactivity, while conventional microarrays offer multiplex capability but lack sufficient fluorescence intensity for field-deployable systems. In this study, we present a highly sensitive nanorods on micro post array (NMPA) substrate and a smartphone-based portable detection system. The NMPA substrate integrates metal nanorods with UV-imprinted micro post structures to produce metal-enhanced fluorescence and improved signal localization. When evaluated using a microarray scanner, the substrate achieved high sensitivity, detecting semen diluted up to 1\/100,000. The portable smartphone system further demonstrated simultaneous detection of three semen biomarkers (PSA, ACPP, and Semenogelin-1) at a 1\/1000 dilution, matching the detection limit of commercial kits. Specificity tests using blood, saliva, urine, vaginal fluid, and environmental contaminants showed no false-positive responses. These results highlight the potential of the NMPA system as a portable diagnostic technology capable of rapid (&lt;15 min), multiplex, and highly sensitive detection in field environments. Future work will focus on quantitative calibration, substrate stability assessment, and expansion toward multi biomarker panels for broader forensic and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16121378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T08:44:28Z","timestamp":1764751468000},"page":"1378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence Nanorods on Micro Post Arrays for Portable Detection of Human Semen Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8336-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Il","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Jun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2627-0686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1609-6786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seok-min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112343","article-title":"A review on forensic analysis of bio fluids (blood, semen, vaginal fluid, menstrual blood, urine, saliva): Spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic technique","volume":"367","author":"Hegde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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Photography\u2014Digital Still Cameras\u2014Determination of Exposure Index, ISO Speed Ratings, Standard Output Sensitivity, and Recommended Exposure Index (Standard No. ISO 12232:2019)."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/16\/12\/1378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T05:12:34Z","timestamp":1764825154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/16\/12\/1378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["mi16121378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi16121378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]}}}