{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:52:06Z","timestamp":1769561526140,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund for Regional Innovation and Development","award":["U24A20124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20124"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2024YFCY0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFCY0028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of Head-Up Display (HUD) technology for vehicles, optical freeform mirrors, as its core optical components, are crucial for achieving system compactness and high imaging quality. However, their complex surface shapes and large-aperture characteristics pose significant challenges to ultra-precision manufacturing. This study presents a systematic optimization framework for the ultra-precision machining of HUD optical freeform mold cores, integrating surface design, tool path planning, vibration analysis, and process parameter optimization. Firstly, based on the XY polynomial freeform surface model, an off-axis three-mirror HUD system was designed, and the surface parameters and machining dimensions of the mold core were determined. For the Single-Point Diamond Turning (SPDT) Slow Tool Servo (STS) process, a hybrid trajectory planning method combining equidistant projection and cubic spline interpolation was proposed to ensure the smoothness and accuracy of the tool path. Through theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the selection criteria for tool parameters such as tool nose radius and effective cutting angle were clarified, and the mechanistic impact of Z-axis vibration on surface roughness and waviness was quantitatively revealed. Finally, through ultra-precision turning experiments and on-machine measurement, a high-precision freeform surface mold core was successfully fabricated. This validates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed process solution and provides technical support for the high-quality manufacturing of HUD optical elements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17020164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:35:42Z","timestamp":1769513742000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Process Optimization for Ultra-Precision Machining of HUD Freeform Surface Mold Cores Based on Slow Tool Servo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tianji","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0401-5616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naiming","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Navigation Instrument Research Institute, Tianjin 300131, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longkun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5460-0683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuesen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"A study of precrash factors involved in traffic accidents","volume":"10","author":"Treat","year":"2013","journal-title":"HSRI Res. 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