{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T10:12:51Z","timestamp":1771495971884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202403021211074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403021211074"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202403021221131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403021221131"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project for Graduate Students in Shanxi Province","award":["2024KY572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KY572"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project for Graduate Students in Shanxi Province","award":["2024SJ258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SJ258"]}]},{"name":"North University of China Graduate Science and Technology Project","award":["20242014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate measurement of dynamic forces is pivotal for advancing manufacturing process monitoring and enhancing equipment intelligence. To address the challenges of contact interface force field nonlinearity in existing PVDF piezoelectric film force sensors and the inability of a monolithic PVDF piezoelectric film to measure multi-dimensional forces, this study designs a uniform-load double-bossed elastic force-transmitting diaphragm to achieve contact interface force field reconstruction between the sensor\u2019s elastic sensing structure and the sensitive element group. Building upon the load-bearing surface domain segmentation technique, the silver ink electrode on the front surface of a complete circular PVDF piezoelectric film is segmented into four independent sector-shaped rings. Each sector ring, together with its underlying PVDF piezoelectric film, constitutes a sensitive element, and these four sensitive elements are integrated to form the sensitive element group. The three-dimensional force measurement method of this sensitive element group in the Cartesian coordinate system is investigated. The measurement of three-dimensional force is realized by leveraging the tensile-compressive piezoelectric effect of each sensitive element in conjunction with a pre-stressed assembly structure. Quasi-static calibration test results indicate that the charge sensitivities of the force sensor in the X-, Y-, and Z-directions are 52.63 pC\/N, 55.96 pC\/N, and 9.02 pC\/N, respectively, with a linearity \u22644.6%. Dynamic calibration test results reveal that the force measurement module exhibits a natural frequency of 4675.5 Hz. Experimental investigations into the response of triaxial cutting forces to variations in cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting depth were conducted, which verified the sensor\u2019s ability to capture dynamic three-dimensional cutting forces. This study provides an effective solution for the structural design and three-dimensional force measurement methodology of PVDF piezoelectric film force sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17020262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:51:09Z","timestamp":1771491069000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and Study of a PVDF Piezoelectric Film Force Sensor Based on Interface Force Field Reconstruction and Surface Domain Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6731-2663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiqiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenge","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunping","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2385-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongjuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2025.104308","article-title":"Systematic review of Cutting Force Measuring Systems in machining","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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