{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:27:13Z","timestamp":1785414433361,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO. 62575059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 62575059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NO. 62575059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 62575059"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Project of Regular Universities in Guangdong Province","award":["NO. 2024KCXTD056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2024KCXTD056"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Regular Universities in Guangdong Province","award":["NO. 2023KSYS011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2023KSYS011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise manipulation of two-phase flow in micro-confined electrowetting pixels is limited by contact angle hysteresis (CAH). To elucidate this non-equilibrium process, we establish a high-fidelity electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phase-field simulation framework. The model rigorously couples Navier\u2013Stokes equations with molecular kinetic theory (MKT) to characterize energy dissipation at the three-phase contact line (TCL) and further integrates charge transport kinetics. Numerical results reveal CAH is driven by physical pinning and interfacial charge trapping, with the latter dominating interfacial retreat and causing significant residual displacement. Furthermore, analysis shows alternating current (AC) waveforms mitigate charge accumulation and promote depinning via micro-oscillations, minimizing the hysteresis loop compared to direct current (DC) waveforms. Additionally, an overdrive strategy utilizing a suprathreshold Maxwell stress pulse rapidly overcomes static friction. This strategy significantly improves transient dynamics, substantially reducing the time to reach 90% of the steady-state target from 19.6 ms (under standard DC waveform driving) to 7.4 ms. This work provides a comprehensive theoretical basis and design criteria for optimizing active driving strategies in optofluidic and digital microfluidic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17040480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T15:56:56Z","timestamp":1776268616000},"page":"480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Electrohydrodynamic Phase-Field Model for Contact Angle Hysteresis in Electrowetting Pixels: Decoupling Physical Pinning and Charge Trapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7897-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingsong","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Zhongshan Polytechnic, Zhongshan 528400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qifu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7670-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zichuan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.167","article-title":"Power Modeling and Optimization for Oled Displays","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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