{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:43:31Z","timestamp":1787312611922,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62004166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62004166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62004166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62004166"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY23F040002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY23F040002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LY23F040002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY23F040002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005315","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024J236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005315","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024CY2-GJHX-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CY2-GJHX-12"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012130","name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20230008053003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230008053003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012152","name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BX20200279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX20200279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012152","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silicon micromachining serves as the foundational enabling technology for high-precision MEMS inertial sensors. However, the relentless pursuit of enhanced sensitivity and multi-functionality in emerging applications encounters a fundamental bottleneck when confined to two-dimensional scaling. The evolution toward complex three-dimensional (3D) stacking architectures is an inevitable trajectory for devices including MEMS inertial sensors, yet performance is constrained by the limitations of conventional processes in fabricating and integrating intricate 3D hollow structures. Specifically, uniformity in large-area deep silicon etching, structural integrity of convex corners in wet etching, and residual stress induced by multi-layer wafer bonding have emerged as critical, shared challenges. To address these issues, this paper proposes a triple-layer wafer-level stacking scheme that synergistically combines wet\/dry hybrid etching with low-temperature adhesive bonding. This stacking scheme incorporates an innovative linear compensation model for wet-etched convex corners, enabling high-precision fabrication of complex corner structures under deep etching conditions. Furthermore, a collaborative strategy involving temporary bonding and plasma flow-field optimization improves the uniformity and integrity of dry etching for large perforated structures. A low-temperature triple-layer wafer-level stacking process is developed, encompassing precise adhesive dispensing, optical alignment, and a stepped low-temperature curing profile, thereby achieving highly symmetric 3D integration with controlled adhesive distribution. The efficacy of this stacking scheme is validated through the fabrication of a symmetrically stacked triple-layer MOEMS accelerometer sensing element. Test results demonstrate a noise floor as low as 0.40 \u00b5g\/\u221aHz and a bias instability of 1.81 \u00b5g over 10 min. Compared with a double-layer counterpart, improved performance is obtained. The wafer-level stacking scheme established in this work not only provides a viable pathway for pushing the manufacturing limits of high-precision inertial devices but also offers a generic methodology for tackling complex hollow structure formation and low-temperature integration, holding referential value for broader applications in high-precision 3D microsystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17060651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T15:05:08Z","timestamp":1779721508000},"page":"651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Wafer-Level Stacking Scheme Based on Hybrid Etching and Low-Temperature Bonding for High-Performance MEMS Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Flight Automatic Control Research Institute, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi\u2019an 710089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flight Automatic Control Research Institute, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi\u2019an 710089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flight Automatic Control Research Institute, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi\u2019an 710089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flight Automatic Control Research Institute, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi\u2019an 710089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flight Automatic Control Research Institute, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi\u2019an 710089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4195-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianbo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LOFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1109\/5.704269","article-title":"Micromachined inertial sensors","volume":"86","author":"Yazdi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. 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