{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:21:06Z","timestamp":1785410466334,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12475330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12475330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["12475330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12475330"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017700","name":"Henan Province Science and Technology Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["262102220102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262102220102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extreme thermal loads encountered in fourth-generation synchrotron radiation sources and X-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL) impose stringent requirements on X-ray optical components. Conventional materials such as beryllium and silicon increasingly exhibit limitations under high-energy conditions, including insufficient thermal conductivity, limited radiation stability, and significant absorption losses, rendering them inadequate for next-generation high-energy X-ray optics. In this context, single-crystal diamond, with its high thermal conductivity, low absorption coefficient, and excellent mechanical strength and radiation resistance, has emerged as a promising candidate for high-energy X-ray refractive optics. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the fabrication and performance optimization of diamond X-ray refractive lenses for high-energy applications. Starting from the evolving demands of modern synchrotron radiation facilities and XFEL, the fundamental requirements for materials and structural design in high-energy X-ray optics are analyzed. Through comparisons with representative materials, the advantages of diamond in thermal management and transmission performance are highlighted. Major micro- and nanofabrication techniques, including femtosecond laser processing, focused ion beam milling, and plasma etching, are comprehensively reviewed, with emphasis on their respective characteristics in terms of processing efficiency, precision control, and damage introduction. The emerging trend of hybrid fabrication strategies is also discussed. Furthermore, the effects of surface roughness, subsurface damage, and crystal defects on wavefront quality and focusing performance are examined, along with corresponding post-processing and surface correction methods. Finally, current challenges related to large-size single-crystal growth, high-precision low-damage fabrication, and long-term operational stability are discussed, and future development directions for diamond-based X-ray refractive optical components are outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17060687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1780479194000},"page":"687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progress in the Fabrication and Optimization of High-Energy Diamond X-Ray Refractive Lenses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fair Friend Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Hangzhou Polytechnic University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of High-End Equipment, Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Manufacturing and Precision Measurement, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of High-End Equipment, Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Manufacturing and Precision Measurement, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0048-9408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Hebi 458030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuyi","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of High-End Equipment, Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Manufacturing and Precision Measurement, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Guangdong HUST Industrial Technology Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s43673-021-00021-4","article-title":"New Era of Synchrotron Radiation: Fourth-Generation Storage Ring","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPPS Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, B., Ko, J., Lee, J., Jang, G., and Shin, S. 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