{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:59:59Z","timestamp":1785416399434,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["440818\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["440818\/2022-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["409859\/2025-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409859\/2025-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["440818\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["440818\/2022-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["409859\/2025-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409859\/2025-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A capacitive screen-printed electrode immunosensor operating in non-faradaic mode by dispensing redox probes was developed for the Coronavirus 2 Spike (S) protein. This new strategy enabled direct detection of the S protein by measuring changes in the electrochemical capacitance resulting from antigen\u2013antibody interactions on the electrode surface, altering interfacial dielectric properties. To enhance analytical sensitivity and provide an electrode surface with attractive capacitive and conductive properties, an in-house graphite ink-based screen-printed electrode was developed and subsequently modified with a polypyrrole (PPy) layer in bulk-synthesized in the presence of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). CTAB acted as a dispersing and structure-directing agent, promoting homogeneous distribution and guiding the PPy polymerization, resulting in a composite with improved charge density storage and high conductivity. Analytical signals of the S proteins in spiked serum were detected by measuring the Specific Capacitances taken from cyclic voltammograms. This capacitive immunosensor achieved a linear range from 1 to 100 \u00b5g\/mL (R2 = 0.989, p &lt; 0.05), with a limit of detection of 0.45 \u00b5g\/mL of S protein, which falls within the clinical range for COVID-19 diagnostics. Probe-free detection without ferri\/ferrocyanide steps minimizes errors by probe adsorptions and is easy to use as a point-of-care, unlike conventional immunosensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17060731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Capacitive Immunosensor Based on a Polypyrrole\u2013CTAB for Probe-Free Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Licia de S.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9794-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M. 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