{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:17:48Z","timestamp":1785410268742,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Program of Shandong Province","award":["2025JMRH0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JMRH0106"]}]},{"name":"National Science Fund for Young Scholars","award":["52405495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52405495"]}]},{"award":["52405495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52405495"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05eg49r29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024QE417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024QE417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Opening Project of the Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability, Ministry of Education, Jilin University","award":["JLU-cncr-202406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLU-cncr-202406"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture at Shandong University, Ministry of Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To develop the applications of nanoindentation in a liquid environment, a higher requirement has been presented for evaluating measured errors of micromechanical performance, particularly for the immersion indentation. In this study, a numerical investigation was conducted to explore the influence of buoyancy and surface roughness on the indentation responses of EH36 steel. The results show that a difference in indentation load\u2013depth curves and mechanical properties with and without the buoyancy effect is observed as the indentation depth increases. The relative calculated errors of reduced modulus and indentation hardness are more than 25.35% and 1.92%, respectively. Meanwhile, as the surface roughness increases, a pronounced increase in the data scatter of indentation responses is observed, especially at shallow nanoindentations. The coupling effects of buoyancy and surface roughness on the deviation of indentation data exhibit a competitive relationship rather than a simple cumulative effect. The measured errors of reduced modulus at roughness values below 0.10 \u03bcm are predominantly affected by buoyancy during immersion indentations, while the surface roughness is the main factor in other cases. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of these factors and predicts the qualitative variations in micromechanical responses under assumed immersed conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17070766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1782453131000},"page":"766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Buoyancy and Surface Roughness on Mechanical Characterization of Shipbuilding Steel by Immersion Instrumented Indentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7061-4595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Equipment and Technology for Metal Forming, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education at Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2699-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Equipment and Technology for Metal Forming, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education at Shandong University, Jinan 250061, 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North Coastal Machinery Co., Ltd., Zibo 255200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Machinery Design & Research Institute, Jinan 250031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4790-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Equipment and Technology for Metal Forming, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education at Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"School of Airspace Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Equipment and Technology for Metal Forming, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education at Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Equipment and Technology for Metal Forming, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education at Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2025.112982","article-title":"Experimental investigation and predictive model on tensile behavior of corroded high-strength steel and butt-welded connections","volume":"210","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108509","article-title":"Corrosion behavior and microstructure 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