{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:42:57Z","timestamp":1785415377283,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Luzhou Science and Technology Program","award":["2024JYJ077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JYJ077"]}]},{"award":["2024JYJ077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JYJ077"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04kxx2q73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52305058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52305058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52305058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52305058"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen","award":["3502Z202373030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z202373030"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023J05158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J05158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address surface quality defects caused by traditional mechanical polishing of gears, such as machining scratches and large surface waviness, this study proposes a novel immersed chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process for gear finishing. Numerical simulations were conducted in FLUENT to analyze the gear surface stress distribution and polishing fluid flow trajectories under different process conditions. The Euler\u2013Euler method and RNG k\u2013\u03b5 turbulence model were used to optimize process parameters and clarify the formation mechanism of ultra-smooth tooth surfaces. Experimental results for spiral bevel gears show that the proposed immersed CMP process effectively improves surface quality. The tooth profile roughness was reduced from Ra 1.531 \u03bcm to 0.509 \u03bcm, and surface scratches were significantly alleviated. These results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed process. This study provides a reliable approach for efficient and precision polishing of complex-structured gears and extends the application of CMP technology to non-planar mechanical components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17070768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1782453131000},"page":"768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of the Immersion Chemical-Mechanical Polishing Process for Gear"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Luzhou Vocational and Technical College, Luzhou 646000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longxing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Equipment and Mechanical Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1543-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuli","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Equipment and Mechanical Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqiao","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Equipment and Mechanical Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2025.110834","article-title":"Modeling and analysis of relative fatigue life under 3D mixed lubrication in marine helical gears","volume":"211","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2025.118812","article-title":"A duplex surface modification method for increasing bending fatigue life of aviation carburized gear steel considering its mechanical properties and microstructure gradients","volume":"339","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2024.111434","article-title":"Higher-order parametrized correction based contact performance forecasting model for spiral bevel gears","volume":"215","author":"Rong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"88","article-title":"Experimental study on the surface integrity of aircraft gears in spindle barrel finishing","volume":"47","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Transm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-024-01078-6","article-title":"High-Speed and Low-Noise Gear Finishing by Gear Grinding and Honing: A Review","volume":"37","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng, X.X., Zhu, Z.C., and Liu, C.L. (2026). A Review of the Machining Mechanisms in Field-Assisted Cutting of Brittle Materials. Micromachines, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17030361"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.04.082","article-title":"An identification method for a large-scale helical gear grinding process based on analysis of geometric errors","volume":"121","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-09035-0","article-title":"Prediction model for surface generation mechanism and roughness in face gear grinding","volume":"120","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-09553-x","article-title":"Analytical modeling and experimental verification of the depth of subsurface heat-affected layer in gear profile grinding","volume":"121","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2022.105023","article-title":"An analytical method to control and predict grinding textures on modified gear tooth flanks in CNC generating gear grinding","volume":"177","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Z.Y., Jiang, C., Deng, X.Z., Zhang, C.C., Geng, L.L., and Feng, Y. (2024). The Grinding and Correction of Face Gears Based on an Internal Gear Grinding Machine. Machines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/machines12080496"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2023.05.088","article-title":"Gear evaluation deviations-based crucial geometric error identification of five-axis CNC gear form grinding process","volume":"99","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1051\/meca\/2023020","article-title":"Inertia matching of CNC cycloidal gear form grinding machine servo system","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Ind."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2023.06.012","article-title":"Effect of ground tire rubber media\u2019s viscoelasticity and flow passage geometry on the abrasive flow finishing of helical gear","volume":"101","author":"Ansari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, K.C., Wang, A.C., Chen, K.Y., and Huang, C.Y. (2022). Study of the Polishing Characteristics by Abrasive Flow Machining with a Rotating Device. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10071362"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2022.105172","article-title":"Integrated mathematical approach for design and manufacturing of power-skiving tool for interference-free involute internal gear cutting","volume":"180","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2025.206020","article-title":"Towards understanding the influencing mechanism of barrel finishing on tooth surface integrity and contact performance","volume":"572\u2013573","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W.B., Huang, H.T., Gao, Y., Qin, X.F., Wen, T.L., Yang, S.F., Zhang, P., Wang, L., and Guo, C. (2022). Influence of the Machining Process on the Service Life and Pitting Morphology of Gear-Tooth Surfaces. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12081382"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-023-10853-z","article-title":"Kinematics and machinability using bidirectional composite vibratory finishing","volume":"131","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-023-11134-5","article-title":"On the predictive modeling of surface micro-topography in vibratory polishing of aeronautic gear considering initial workpiece topography","volume":"126","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-022-03515-w","article-title":"Effect of optimum process parameters on material removal in rotational-magnetorheological miniature gear profile polishing (R-MRMGPP) process","volume":"44","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.11.022","article-title":"Feasibility analysis and parameter optimization of ultrasonic assisted electrolytic plasma polishing of small modulus gears","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032004","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-7990\/ae34fb","article-title":"Multi-Physical field coupling polishing of diamond for atomic-scale damage-free surfac","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Extrem. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071006","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4057008","article-title":"A theoretical and experimental study on high efficiency and ultra-low damage machining of diamond","volume":"145","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.-Trans. ASME"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2025.03.024","article-title":"Atomic-level flat polishing of polycrystalline diamond by combining plasma modification and chemical mechanical polishing","volume":"74","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2026.03.008","article-title":"A novel approach of micro-nano bubbles enhanced immersed chemical mechanical polishing on orthopedic implants with curved surface using a developed polisher","volume":"272","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2026.03.003","article-title":"Optimized manufacturing process for multilayer two-dimensional focusing mirrors in laboratory X-ray applications","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.043","article-title":"A novel process of chemical-mechanical fluid-solid coupling polishing with high-quality and high-efficiency for turbine blisk","volume":"131","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2026.120328","article-title":"Multiscale geometric analysis of dynamic wettability on complex, fractal-like, anisotropic surfaces","volume":"264","author":"Petra","year":"2026","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2024.162167","article-title":"A novel slurry for ultra-smooth chemical mechanical polishing of TC4 titanium alloy","volume":"686","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2021.04.010","article-title":"Novel rotary chemical mechanical polishing on an integral impeller","volume":"66","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/7\/768\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:50:51Z","timestamp":1782535851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/7\/768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["mi17070768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi17070768","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]}}}