{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:18:50Z","timestamp":1785424730124,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002644","name":"Pukyong National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202506900001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202506900001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002644","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["202506900001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202506900001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0433kqc49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An optimal CMOS up-conversion mixer is designed using a novel combination of genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization (ComGAPSO) and improved-Kolmogorov\u2013Arnold networks (ImGKAN) for 5G communication. The proposed ImGKAN, trained with ComGAPSO, enhances optimization through social interactions and private cognition through social interactions. The proposed hybrid approach enables accurate parameter determination due to the effective modeling and compensation of nonlinearities in the up-conversion mixer. The proposed optimized mixer incorporates an enhanced linearity boosting technique (LBT) along with a tunable capacitive feedback common-source (TCF-CS) structure. This combination effectively suppresses third-order nonlinear distortion while compensating for parasitic capacitances to improve gain performance and enhance circuit stability. The proposed design achieves a peak conversion gain (CG) of approximately 4.2 dB near 24 GHz. In terms of isolation characteristics, the LO-IF isolation reaches about \u221244 dB. Additionally, the RF-IF isolation is around \u221230 dB, ensuring minimal undesired coupling between the input and output paths, while the LO-RF isolation is maintained near \u221239 dB. The optimized mixer exhibits an output 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 5.1 dBm and an input 1 dB compression point (IP1dB) of \u22121.1 dBm. The RF port shows a return loss of approximately \u221224 dB near 24 GHz. The LO port exhibits a return loss in the range of \u22123 to \u22125 dB, with improved matching observed over the operating band. Meanwhile, the IF port demonstrates strong matching at lower frequencies, with return loss values dropping below \u221220 dB. Furthermore, the measured optimized design achieves a minimum noise figure (NF) of approximately 3.8 dB at 24 GHz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17070794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:26:15Z","timestamp":1782807975000},"page":"794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 24 GHz-Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Beyond-5G: A Combined ComGAPSO and ImGKAN Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1424-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Unal","family":"Aras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4646-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahesin Samira","family":"Delwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Global IT Engineering, Kyungsung University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khizra","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0971-657X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mangal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune Campus, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Pune 412115, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayak","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune Campus, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Pune 412115, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5251-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spatial Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee-Youl","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorincz, J., and Klarin, Z. 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