{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:13:16Z","timestamp":1783617196397,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the problems in high-speed railway communication, such as large signal penetration loss through carriages, difficulty in long-distance strip coverage, and limited coverage range of traditional base station antennas, this paper designs a cylindrical Luneburg lens antenna operating at the 1800\/FA frequency bands. A dual-polarized feed antenna with a dipole structure is designed, loaded with X-shaped metal strips for out-of-band suppression, and integrated with a four-layer dielectric stratified cylindrical Luneburg lens, which uses its graded permittivity distribution to achieve beam focusing, enhance gain, narrow the horizontal beamwidth, and maintain a wide vertical beamwidth. Simulation results show that the lens can stably improve the gain by about 5 dBi; measured results indicate that the antenna has port isolation higher than 35 dB, good impedance matching, and measured gain of 12.4\u201313.3 dBi within the 1.7\u20132.1 GHz band, which is highly consistent with the simulation. This antenna can effectively adapt to the long-distance strip coverage scenario along high-speed railways, reduce the base station deployment density, and provide an engineering solution for the optimization of high-speed railway communication coverage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17070820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:16:44Z","timestamp":1783613804000},"page":"820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Luneburg Lens Antenna for High-Speed Railway Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qiao-Na","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Jiaxing Vocational and Technical College, Jiaxing 314036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and System of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Application of 5G in High-Speed Railway Communication Systems of China","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Audio Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2024.3414857","article-title":"Antenna Deployment Optimization for Coverage Performance Improvement in High-Speed Railway Communications","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Application Research of Characteristic Antennas in High-Speed Railway Coverage Scenarios","volume":"54","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"189","article-title":"Application Analysis of Luneburg Lens Antenna in High-Speed Railway Scenarios","volume":"34","author":"Gui","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, J.R., Vala, M., Oliveira, T.E., Fernandes, T.R., and Caldeirinha, R.F.S. (2021). Metamaterial-Inspired Flat Beamsteering Antenna for 5G Base Stations at 3.6 GHz. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238116"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9129","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2024.3485504","article-title":"Mechanically Steerable Simultaneous Multibeam Transmitarray Design by Analytical Multifocal Approach","volume":"72","author":"Dicandia","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8789","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3239782","article-title":"A Review of 3D Printed Gradient Refractive Index Lens Antennas","volume":"11","author":"Munina","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2023.3273735","article-title":"A Circularly Polarized Dielectric Discrete Lens Antenna With Wide Axial Ratio and Gain Bandwidths","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8980","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2024.3463206","article-title":"Design of an Ultrabroadband Circularly Polarized 3-D-Printed Millimeter-Wave Lens Antenna","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, X., and Chen, Q. (2026). Shaped-Beam Luneburg Lens Antenna with Low Beam-Crossover Loss for 6G Communication. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2026.3696085"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"83","article-title":"Research and Application of Dielectric Lens Antenna in 4G Networking Scheme for Northwest Transportation Trunk Lines","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Telecom Eng. Technol. Stand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2024.3523634","article-title":"A Wideband Dual-Circularly Polarized Luneburg Lens Multibeam Antenna Feed by Dual-Linearly Polarized ME-Dipole Antennas","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2025.3568530","article-title":"Homogeneous Dielectric Multibeam Spherical Lens Antenna with High Crossover Gain for Wide-Angle Coverage in the 270 GHz Band","volume":"73","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4842","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2026.3662144","article-title":"A Shared-Aperture Luneburg Lens Multibeam Antenna Array With Large Frequency Ratio for 5G Communication Systems","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5936","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2026.3668319","article-title":"A 3-D-Printing Wideband Circumferentially Foldable Dual-Polarized Spherical Luneburg Lens Antenna","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2858209","article-title":"A Flat Dual-Polarized Transformation-Optics Beamscanning Luneburg Lens Antenna Using PCB-Stacked Gradient Index Metamaterials","volume":"66","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"43","article-title":"Coverage Performance Analysis of Luneburg Lens Antenna","volume":"1","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Post. Telecommun. Des. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"32","article-title":"Technical Analysis of Railway 5G-R Base Station Antenna Application","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Railw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2022.3233643","article-title":"Ray-Tracing Model for Generalized Geodesic-Lens Multiple-Beam Antennas","volume":"71","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"101","article-title":"Research on Application of Luneburg Lens Antenna in High-Capacity Scenarios","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"China New Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Principle and Research Progress of Luneburg Lens Antenna","volume":"61","author":"Zang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telecommun. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arya, R.K., Bhardwaj, D., and Dong, J.W. (2023, January 11\u201314). Compact Cylindrical X-band Luneburg Lens Antenna Design. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Microwaves, Antennas, and Propagation Conference (MAPCON), Ahmedabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAPCON58678.2023.10463887"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2194646","article-title":"A Millimeter-Wave Gain Enhanced Multi-Beam Antenna Based on a Coplanar Cylindrical Dielectric Lens","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/7\/820\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:21:43Z","timestamp":1783614103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/7\/820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["mi17070820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi17070820","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}}}