{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:56:16Z","timestamp":1785412576181,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016808","name":"Xiamen Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3502Z202371024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z202371024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016808","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52575458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52575458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52405424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52405424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52575458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52575458"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52405424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52405424"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024J011214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J011214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flexible electromagnetic actuators have attracted considerable attention for applications in soft robotics, adaptive manipulation, and human\u2013machine interaction due to their fast response, large deformation capability, and inherent compliance. However, the concurrent application of high actuation performance and long-term cyclic durability remains a major challenge, particularly for liquid metal (LM)-based soft systems, where interfacial instability between LM conductors and polymer substrates often leads to performance degradation. In this work, we report a fabrication strategy in which patterned eutectic gallium\u2013indium (EGaIn) liquid metal circuits are directly written onto electrospun graphene oxide\/thermoplastic polyurethane (GO\/TPU) nanofiber membranes. The incorporation of graphene oxide significantly enhances interfacial adhesion through hydrogen bonding interactions between oxygen-containing functional groups in GO and the native Ga2O3 layer on the LM surface, while the electrospun fibrous architecture further improves mechanical interlocking and structural stability. As a result, the fabricated actuator exhibits robust electromechanical performance, achieving a maximum bending deformation of 90\u00b0 under a driving current of 0.8 A and maintaining stable operation over 2000 actuation cycles with negligible performance degradation. To further demonstrate its practical functionality, a soft robotic gripper was constructed based on the optimized actuator configuration. The gripper enables the stable grasping and lifting of objects with a weight up to seven times its own mass, while maintaining safe and compliant interaction with fragile objects. This work provides a simple yet effective strategy to simultaneously enhance actuation efficiency, interfacial stability, and mechanical reliability in LM-based GO\/TPU flexible electromagnetic actuator systems, offering promising potential for next-generation soft robotic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17080886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:11:56Z","timestamp":1785168716000},"page":"886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flexible Electromagnetic Actuator with Liquid Metal Embedded in a Graphene Oxide\/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Matrix"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0038-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shufan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuo","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7727-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huatan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Actuation & Transmission (Fujian Province University), Xiamen 361024, China"},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0870-6166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaofeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing (Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5718-9575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Actuation & Transmission (Fujian Province University), Xiamen 361024, China"},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200071","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200071","article-title":"Progress, Challenges, and Prospects of Soft Robotics for Space Applications","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. 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Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309989","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202309989","article-title":"Liquid Metal Functionalization Innovations in Wearables and Soft Robotics for Smart Healthcare Applications","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2025.116842","article-title":"Enhanced actuation performance in liquid metal electromagnetic actuators with optimized microchannel for soft robotic applications","volume":"393","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400220","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202400220","article-title":"Printing Completely Conformal Liquid Metal Circuits on Arbitrary Curved Surfaces via Customized Conformal Mask","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. 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Manuf."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/8\/886\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:16:44Z","timestamp":1785169004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/8\/886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["mi17080886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi17080886","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]}}}