{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:28:47Z","timestamp":1787646527698,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Research Council of Lithuania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S-MIP-24-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-MIP-24-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["S-MIP-24-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-MIP-24-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gs16m83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amperometric glucose biosensors remain indispensable analytical tools in clinical diagnostics due to their sensitivity, simplicity, and suitability for rapid measurements. Herein, an amperometric glucose biosensor based on immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx) and trimetallic nickel\u2013platinum\u2013palladium (NiPtPd) nanoparticles is reported. The NiPtPd nanoparticles deposited on a graphite rod electrode exhibited pronounced peroxidase-like activity and enabled efficient low-potential electrochemical transduction of the enzymatic reaction. The resulting biosensor displayed a linear response toward glucose in the concentration range from 0.04 to 1.58 mM. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 17.33 and 52.53 \u00b5M, respectively, and the sensitivity was 29.84 \u00b5A\/mMcm2. The developed biosensor demonstrated good analytical precision, with repeatability and reproducibility characterized by relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 4.01 and 9.0%, respectively. High selectivity toward glucose, strong resistance to common electroactive interferents, and satisfactory short-term storage stability (90.78% signal retention after 14 days) were also achieved. Furthermore, preliminary glucose determination in a diluted human serum sample was demonstrated with a recovery of 101.28% and an RSD of 5.27%, indicating the potential applicability of the biosensor for analysis in diluted biological matrices. These findings demonstrate that trimetallic NiPtPd nanoparticles can serve as effective low-potential electrocatalytic transducers in enzyme\u2013nanozyme sensing platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:00:48Z","timestamp":1787644848000},"page":"1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on NiPtPd Nanozyme and Glucose Oxidase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9831-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asta","family":"Kausaite-Minkstimiene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoTechnas\u2014Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9859-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiste","family":"Krikstaponyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoTechnas\u2014Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4015-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina","family":"Gayda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (ICB NASU), Dragomanova St. 14\/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5864-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almira","family":"Ramanaviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoTechnas\u2014Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13623.x","article-title":"Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery","volume":"102","author":"Clark","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann. 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