{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:16:46Z","timestamp":1787894206934,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51805126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51805126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["51805126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51805126"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022955","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GK269910299001-401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK269910299001-401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Undergraduate Training Program on Innovation and Entrepreneurship","award":["202610336013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202610336013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-frequency, irregular water waves with continuously changing propagation directions are difficult to harvest efficiently using conventional power generation devices. This work proposes a gyroscope-pendulum-coupled multilayer triboelectric nanogenerator (GP-TENG), in which a multi-axis gyroscope mechanism, an inertial pendulum, and a helical-structured power generation module are integrated inside a spherical floating body. The gyroscope joints enable the pendulum to respond to waves arriving from any horizontal direction, while the heave and tilting motions of the floating body jointly drive periodic contact and separation of the multilayer triboelectric materials. Motor-driven platform and water tank experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the number of generating layers, excitation frequency, translational stroke, swing amplitude, and external resistance on the output performance. In the controlled translational tests, the maximum root-mean-square open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and transferred charge reached 98.6 V, 2.3 \u03bcA, and 242 nC, respectively, and a maximum output power of 16.3 \u03bcW was obtained at a load of 81 M\u03a9. In the water tank, the GP-TENG showed a stable response near 1.42 Hz, with maximum output power of 3.45 \u03bcW at a 60 M\u03a9 load. The generator successfully charged the capacitor, lit up LEDs, and powered a commercial temperature and humidity sensor. These results indicate that the GP-TENG provides a compact and low-cost approach for omnidirectional low-frequency wave energy harvesting and a distributed power supply for low-power marine electronic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:04:32Z","timestamp":1787756672000},"page":"1010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Gyroscope-Pendulum-Coupled Multilayer Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Omnidirectional Low-Frequency Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Songhang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4309-8138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenlong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinting","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-025-01811-3","article-title":"From Wave Energy to Electricity: Functional Design and Performance Analysis of Triboelectric Nanogenerators","volume":"17","author":"Lou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-024-01640-w","article-title":"Advances in TENGs for Marine Energy Harvesting and In Situ Electrochemistry","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2025.111223","article-title":"Research advances of triboelectric nanogenerators for blue energy: Research status, challenges and future outlook","volume":"142","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2025.111212","article-title":"Recent advances of TENGs for marine applications: Opportunities and challenges coexist","volume":"142","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400207","article-title":"Theoretical Comparison, Equivalent Transformation, and Conjunction Operations of Electromagnetic Induction Generator and Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Mechanical Energy","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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