{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:16:21Z","timestamp":1788066981892,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025A1515110296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515110296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515140103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515140103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M771401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M771401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025M771401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M771401"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) offer promising opportunities for distributed wind energy harvesting owing to their low-speed responsiveness, structural flexibility, and adaptability to non-stationary airflow. This review examines wind-driven TENGs from the perspective of realistic wind-field constraints, focusing on three representative scenarios: urban micro-winds, offshore wind\u2013wave environments, and low-altitude complex flows. Scenario-specific advances in device architectures, materials and interfaces, environmental protection, power management, and system integration are systematically reviewed. Representative devices are further quantitatively compared in terms of wind-speed range, activation threshold, electrical output, power density, durability, and system-level energy delivery. Particular attention is given to inconsistent definitions of cut-in wind speed, output normalization, electrical loading, and validation conditions that limit cross-study comparison. Field-validation evidence is assessed from controlled laboratory tests to long-term field operation. Key challenges involving usable regulated energy, environmental reliability, lifetime prediction, array scaling, sustainability, and deployment economics are critically discussed. Finally, five grand challenges with actionable milestones are proposed to facilitate the transition of wind-driven TENGs from laboratory prototypes toward deployable distributed micro-energy systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frontier Advances in Wind-Driven Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Realistic Wind Environments: Scenario-Oriented Architecture Design, System Integration, and Critical Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mingkang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"},{"name":"Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"},{"name":"Dongguan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bionic Robot Technology and System, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zikang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaicheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6645-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"},{"name":"Dongguan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bionic Robot Technology and System, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-026-07290-4","article-title":"A global dataset of onshore wind turbines with site-specific historical (1989\u20132018) and future (2030\u20132059) wind resources across 89 countries","volume":"13","author":"Jung","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. 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