{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:16:15Z","timestamp":1788412575292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education","award":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/TK02\/UTHM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/TK02\/UTHM\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education","award":["K458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K458"]}]},{"award":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/TK02\/UTHM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/TK02\/UTHM\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mcs2t73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["K458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K458"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mcs2t73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing adoption of flexible and portable electronic devices has created an increasing need for sustainable power sources that can operate without relying on conventional batteries. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted significant attention due to their ability to convert ambient mechanical energy into electrical energy. However, practical contact\u2013separation TENGs may require additional spacers, elastic supports, or other structural components to maintain repeated contact and separation. This study presents a spacer-free arch-shaped TENG based on a laminated structure consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), paper, and aluminum. The arch configuration provides an inherent restoring tendency that facilitates contact\u2013separation operation without a discrete spacer or additional elastic support. The fabricated device was experimentally evaluated through open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, load-dependent electrical characterization, power measurement, capacitor charging, and LED illumination. Under the manual mechanical actuation conditions used in the present study, the device exhibited a maximum open-circuit voltage of 69 V, a reported peak short-circuit current of 68 \u03bcA, and a peak power output of 8.576 \u03bcW at an optimal load resistance of approximately 55 M\u03a9. Furthermore, the TENG charged a 4.7 \u00b5F capacitor to 7 V within approximately 60 s and directly illuminated 30 commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs). These results demonstrate the feasibility of combining a simple spacer-free arch-shaped configuration with readily available materials for low-cost triboelectric energy harvesting. Long-term cyclic durability, controlled mechanical excitation, environmental stability, and matched structural control experiments remain important areas for future investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:48:36Z","timestamp":1788256116000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Arch-Shaped Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on PTFE, Paper, and Aluminum for Sustainable Energy Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7955-3421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izhar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University of Technology and Skill Development, Khairpur Mirs 66020, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1727-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok Boon","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, 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Ali","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defense and AI System Engineering, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5854-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, 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