{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1788499031554,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZNSFSC0464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC0464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026YFHZ0313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026YFHZ0313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Activities Program for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars of Sichuan Province"},{"name":"Sichuan Yanyue Technology Co., Ltd","award":["SCYYZSXM2026003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCYYZSXM2026003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101087007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101087007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["101087007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101087007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomedical microrobots are often classified by propulsion, materials or fabrication, but clinical translation depends on whether a device can complete a task in a specific biological setting. This review frames biomedical microrobots as task-oriented execution systems. Access and the working environment define the first constraints; actuation and body design convert inputs into useful local work; detection and control close the loop by linking measured states to the next action. Examples from vascular, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, luminal, cellular and biofilm-facing systems show that route, medium, motion, retention, payload function, imaging and post-task fate are coupled rather than separate design labels. Magnetic fields can resist flow or guide motion in confined anatomy, acoustic and optical inputs supply penetrative or local energy, and chemical or biological motors use cues from the surrounding medium. Body design then determines whether movement remains compatible with contact, release, sensing, retrieval and biocompatibility. By focusing on task execution rather than platform identity, this review clarifies what should be preserved in test models, what should be measured, and how fair comparisons can be made before translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:53:11Z","timestamp":1788335591000},"page":"1048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Task-Oriented Biomedical Microrobots: Access, Working Environment, Actuation, Body Design, Detection and Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Haoyi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiwu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengnan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7042-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciprian","family":"Iliescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research and Development Institute in Microtechnologies\u2014IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"eBio-Hub Centre of Excellence in Bioengineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaosheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-060117-104947","article-title":"Soft Micro- and Nanorobotics","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control Rob. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-081523-033131","article-title":"Medical Microrobots","volume":"26","author":"Iacovacci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8088","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00309C","article-title":"Medical Micro\/Nanorobots in Complex Media","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10865","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05530","article-title":"Medical Imaging of Microrobots: Toward In Vivo Applications","volume":"14","author":"Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100279","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100279","article-title":"Control and Autonomy of Microrobots: Recent Progress and Perspective","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-025-00811-4","article-title":"Synergistic Integration of Materials in Medical Microrobots for Advanced Imaging and Actuation","volume":"10","author":"Wrede","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarabi, M.R., Karagoz, A.A., Yetisen, A.K., and Tasoglu, S. (2023). 3D-Printed Microrobots: Translational Challenges. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14061099"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70112","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70112","article-title":"How Microrobots Should Be Translated: A Clinical and Value-Centered Readiness Framework","volume":"11","author":"Ceylan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg4501","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg4501","article-title":"Bioinspired Claw-Engaged and Biolubricated Swimming Microrobots Creating Active Retention in Blood Vessels","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk8970","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk8970","article-title":"tPA-Anchored Nanorobots for In Vivo Arterial Recanalization at Submillimeter-Scale Segments","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk7251","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk7251","article-title":"Swarming Magnetic Nanorobots Bio-Interfaced by Heparinoid-Polymer Brushes for In Vivo Safe Synergistic Thrombolysis","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadw1272","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adw1272","article-title":"Femtosecond Laser\u2013Assisted Printing of Hard Magnetic Microrobots for Swimming Upstream in Subcentimeter-per-Second Blood Flow","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14227","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR02610H","article-title":"Magnetic Nanoparticle Swarm with Upstream Motility and Peritumor Blood Vessel Crossing Ability","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00309-w","article-title":"Micromotor-Enabled Active Drug Delivery for In Vivo Treatment of Stomach Infection","volume":"8","author":"Angsantikul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eado6798","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado6798","article-title":"Oral Microsphere Formulation of M2 Macrophage-Mimetic Janus Nanomotor for Targeted Therapy of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20586","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202420586","article-title":"Biohybrid Microrobot Enteric-Coated Microcapsule for Oral Treatment of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56032-4","article-title":"Inhalable Biohybrid Microrobots: A Non-Invasive Approach for Lung Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-022-01360-9","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Modified Microrobots for In Vivo Antibiotic Delivery to Treat Acute Bacterial Pneumonia","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn6157","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn6157","article-title":"Biohybrid Microrobots Locally and Actively Deliver Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles to Inhibit the Progression of Lung Metastasis","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq8573","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq8573","article-title":"Endoscope-Assisted Magnetic Helical Micromachine Delivery for Biofilm Eradication in Tympanostomy Tube","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadt8213","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt8213","article-title":"Liquid-Bodied Antibiofilm Robot with Switchable Viscoelastic Response for Biofilm Eradication on Complex Surface Topographies","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300191","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300191","article-title":"Multimodal-Driven Magnetic Microrobots with Enhanced Bactericidal Activity for Biofilm Eradication and Removal from Titanium Mesh","volume":"35","author":"Zelenka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900739","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900739","article-title":"Magnetically Actuated SiCN-Based Ceramic Microrobot for Guided Cell Delivery","volume":"8","author":"Gyak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08807","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202508807","article-title":"A Soft Microrobot for Single-Cell Transport, Spheroid Assembly, and Dual-Mode Drug Screening","volume":"38","author":"Harder","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2211509","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202211509","article-title":"Magnetic\u2014Acoustic Sequentially Actuated CAR T Cell Microrobots for Precision Navigation and In Situ Antitumor Immunoactivation","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400711","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202400711","article-title":"Immune Cell-Based Microrobots for Remote Magnetic Actuation, Antitumor Activity, and Medical Imaging","volume":"13","author":"Dogan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8794","DOI":"10.1021\/nn502360t","article-title":"Nanopropellers and Their Actuation in Complex Viscoelastic Media","volume":"8","author":"Schamel","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabm5126","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm5126","article-title":"High Shear Rate Propulsion of Acoustic Microrobots in Complex Biological Fluids","volume":"8","author":"Aghakhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44995-9","article-title":"A Magnetic Multi-Layer Soft Robot for on-Demand Targeted Adhesion","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69017","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c17665","article-title":"Urease-Powered Nanomotors for Enhanced Mucosal and Tumor Penetration to Augment Sonodynamic Therapy in Bladder Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16701","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c01760","article-title":"Catalase-Powered Nanobots for Overcoming the Mucus Barrier","volume":"18","author":"Bakenecker","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2023.101916","article-title":"Lipase-Powered Asymmetric Silica Nanomotors with a Tailored Head-Tail Structure for Enhanced Mucus Penetration","volume":"34","author":"Ban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2309387","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202309387","article-title":"Swarms of Enzyme-Powered Nanomotors Enhance the Diffusion of Macromolecules in Viscous Media","volume":"20","author":"Hortelao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba5726","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aba5726","article-title":"Multifunctional Surface Microrollers for Targeted Cargo Delivery in Physiological Blood Flow","volume":"5","author":"Alapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Distribution of Engineered Biodegradable Urease-Powered Nanomotors","volume":"207","author":"Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c07954","article-title":"Multifunctional Biodegradable Microrobot with Programmable Morphology for Biomedical Applications","volume":"15","author":"Go","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2204791","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202204791","article-title":"Puffball-Inspired Microrobotic Systems with Robust Payload, Strong Protection, and Targeted Locomotion for on-Demand Drug Delivery","volume":"34","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11870","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202511870","article-title":"Optoacoustic-Guided Magnetic Microrobot Platform for Precision Drug Delivery","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-01054-2","article-title":"Model-Based Reinforcement Learning for Ultrasound-Driven Autonomous Microrobots","volume":"7","author":"Medany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadp3593","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adp3593","article-title":"Imaging-Guided Bioresorbable Acoustic Hydrogel Microrobots","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8059","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62676-z","article-title":"Light-Driven Lattice Soft Microrobot with Multimodal Locomotion","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406600","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406600","article-title":"Magnetically Actuated Soft Microrobot with Environmental Adaptative Multimodal Locomotion towards Targeted Delivery","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300471","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300471","article-title":"Fabrication of Magnetic Microrobots by Assembly","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300018","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202300018","article-title":"Development of 3D-Printed Magnetic Micro-Nanorobots for Targeted Therapeutics: The State of Art","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. NanoBiomed Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003013","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003013","article-title":"Zwitterionic 3D-Printed Non-Immunogenic Stealth Microrobots","volume":"32","author":"Cabanach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901592","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901592","article-title":"MOFBOTS: Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Biomedical Microrobots","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101077","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101077","article-title":"Dual Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Tracking of Magnetically Driven Micromotors: From In Vitro to In Vivo","volume":"10","author":"Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19708","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202419708","article-title":"TriMag Microrobots: 3D-printed Microrobots for Magnetic Actuation, Imaging, and Hyperthermia","volume":"37","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadh1978","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adh1978","article-title":"Tracking and Navigation of a Microswarm under Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging for Targeted Delivery","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2013.2265135","article-title":"Robust Electromagnetic Control of Microrobots under Force and Localization Uncertainties","volume":"11","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500369","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202500369","article-title":"Enhancing Microrobot Swarm Stability and Adaptation by Autonomous Field-of-View Planning","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200023","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200023","article-title":"Smart Magnetic Microrobots Learn to Swim with Deep Reinforcement Learning","volume":"4","author":"Behrens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-022-00482-8","article-title":"Autonomous Environment-Adaptive Microrobot Swarm Navigation Enabled by Deep Learning-Based Real-Time Distribution Planning","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2026.3686187","article-title":"Deep Learning-Based Process Control of Microrobot Swarms Guided by Phase Diagrams","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12883","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16347","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Multimode Microrobot Swarm Behaviors","volume":"19","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109741","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202109741","article-title":"High-Performance Magnetic FePt (L10) Surface Microrollers towards Medical Imaging-Guided Endovascular Delivery Applications","volume":"32","author":"Bozuyuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadf9278","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf9278","article-title":"Swarming Self-Adhesive Microgels Enabled Aneurysm on-Demand Embolization in Physiological Blood Flow","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-024-01724-4","article-title":"Drag Force on a Microrobot Propelled through Blood","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400993","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400993","article-title":"Analysis of the Navigation of Magnetic Microrobots through Cerebral Bifurcations for Targeted Drug Delivery","volume":"7","author":"Alves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pgae463","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae463","article-title":"Surface-Active Microrobots Can Propel through Blood Faster than Inert Microrobots","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c08538","article-title":"Enzyme Catalysis Biomotor Engineering of Neutrophils for Nanodrug Delivery and Cell-Based Thrombolytic Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2415305","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202415305","article-title":"Rapid Blood Clot Removal via Remote Delamination and Magnetization of Clot Debris","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28101-5","article-title":"Application of Magnetically Actuated Self-Clearing Catheter for Rapid in Situ Blood Clot Clearance in Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400847","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202400847","article-title":"Engineered Microrobots for Targeted Delivery of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) in Thrombus Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Cong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1021\/nn507097k","article-title":"Artificial Micromotors in the Mouse\u2019s Stomach: A Step toward In Vivo Use of Synthetic Motors","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30291","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c02605","article-title":"Switching from Chemical to Electrical Micromotor Propulsion across a Gradient of Gastric Fluid via Magnetic Rolling","volume":"14","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"54","article-title":"Bioinspired Urease-Powered Micromotor as an Active Oral Drug Delivery Carrier in Stomach","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"28","article-title":"Chinese Herb Pollen Derived Micromotors as Active Oral Drug Delivery System for Gastric Ulcer Treatment","volume":"32","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401463","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202401463","article-title":"Intelligent Magnetic Microrobots with Fluorescent Internal Memory for Monitoring Intragastric Acidity","volume":"34","author":"Senthilnathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-026-02195-0","article-title":"Machine-Intelligent Multimodal Algebot for Intracavitary Chemotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27988","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c03636","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanomotors: Crossing Mucosal Barriers to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"17","author":"Sanchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabp9066","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abp9066","article-title":"RoboCap: Robotic Mucus-Clearing Capsule for Enhanced Drug Delivery in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"7","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2402579","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202402579","article-title":"A Biomimetic Sweeping Microrobot for Active Therapy of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadc8978","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adc8978","article-title":"Twin-Bioengine Self-Adaptive Micro\/Nanorobots Using Enzyme Actuation and Macrophage Relay for Gastrointestinal Inflammation Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010918","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202010918","article-title":"Magnetic Living Hydrogels for Intestinal Localization, Retention, and Diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9536","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04795","article-title":"Enteric Micromotor Can Selectively Position and Spontaneously Propel in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadr3356","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr3356","article-title":"Active Microgel Particle Swarms for Intrabronchial Targeted Delivery","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2209812","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202209812","article-title":"Multifunctional 3D-Printed Pollen Grain-Inspired Hydrogel Microrobots for on-Demand Anchoring and Cargo Delivery","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8694","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c02516","article-title":"Swarming Magnetic Photoactive Microrobots for Dental Implant Biofilm Eradication","volume":"16","author":"Zelenka","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121610","article-title":"Self-Locomotive, Antimicrobial Microrobot (SLAM) Swarm for Enhanced Biofilm Elimination","volume":"287","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08928-6","article-title":"Targeted Cellular Depletion in an Immune-Liver-on-a-Chip Platform Elucidates Cell-Type-Specific Heterogeneity in Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15761","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15761","article-title":"Running and Tumbling with E. coli in Polymeric Solutions","volume":"5","author":"Patteson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000213","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000213","article-title":"Sperm-Driven Micromotors Moving in Oviduct Fluid and Viscoelastic Media","volume":"16","author":"Striggow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-69523-9","article-title":"Observation of a Backward Sliding Motion for Rollers on Surfaces in Viscoelastic Fluid","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabh2022","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh2022","article-title":"Soft-Bodied Adaptive Multimodal Locomotion Strategies in Fluid-Filled Confined Spaces","volume":"7","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-01012-y","article-title":"Active Exploration and Reconstruction of Vascular Networks Using Microrobot Swarms","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02621","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202502621","article-title":"Artificial Microtubules from Microrobot Swarm Unraveling for Directed Cargo Transport under Confinement","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2019.2891080","article-title":"Simultaneous Six-Degree-of-Freedom Control of a Single-Body Magnetic Microrobot","volume":"4","author":"Giltinan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201103818","article-title":"Magnetic Helical Micromachines: Fabrication, Controlled Swimming, and Cargo Transport","volume":"24","author":"Tottori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2304233","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304233","article-title":"Acoustic Streaming-Induced Multimodal Locomotion of Bubble-Based Microrobots","volume":"10","author":"Mahkam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eady4339","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady4339","article-title":"Modular Magnetic Microrobot System for Robust Endoluminal Navigation and High-Radial Force Stent Delivery in Complex Ductal Anatomy","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-0323-y","article-title":"Micro-Rocket Robot with All-Optic Actuating and Tracking in Blood","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6928","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50226-y","article-title":"Electrically Activated Ferroelectric Nematic Microrobots","volume":"15","author":"Mathe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10726-8","article-title":"Intrinsic Enzymatic Properties Modulate the Self-Propulsion of Micromotors","volume":"10","author":"Arque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo6163","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo6163","article-title":"Magnetically Steerable Bacterial Microrobots Moving in 3D Biological Matrices for Stimuli-Responsive Cargo Delivery","volume":"8","author":"Akolpoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42783-5","article-title":"Three-Degrees-of-Freedom Orientation Manipulation of Small Untethered Robots with a Single Anisotropic Soft Magnet","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadh8702","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adh8702","article-title":"Human-Scale Navigation of Magnetic Microrobots in Hepatic Arteries","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0088","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0088","article-title":"Reconfigurable Vortex-like Paramagnetic Nanoparticle Swarm with Upstream Motility and High Body-Length Ratio Velocity","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001681","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001681","article-title":"A Magnetically Guided Self-Rolled Microrobot for Targeted Drug Delivery, Real-Time X-Ray Imaging, and Microrobot Retrieval","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd2813","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd2813","article-title":"Endoscopy-Assisted Magnetic Navigation of Biohybrid Soft Microrobots with Rapid Endoluminal Delivery and Imaging","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68856-9","article-title":"Acoustic Shape-Morphing Micromachines","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2403039","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403039","article-title":"Magneto-Acoustic Field-Induced Unstable Interface of Magnetic Microswarm","volume":"11","author":"Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-01881-3","article-title":"Light-Powered Phagocytic Macrophage Microrobot (Phagobot): Both In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300904","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300904","article-title":"A Laser-Driven Microrobot for Thermal Stimulation of Single Cells","volume":"12","author":"Harder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadi9932","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi9932","article-title":"Light-Stimulated Micromotor Swarms in an Electric Field with Accurate Spatial, Temporal, and Mode Control","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd2823","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd2823","article-title":"Swarming Behavior and In Vivo Monitoring of Enzymatic Nanomotors within the Bladder","volume":"6","author":"Hortelao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53664-w","article-title":"Collective Buoyancy-Driven Dynamics in Swarming Enzymatic Nanomotors","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28717","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28717","article-title":"Hybrid-Actuating Macrophage-Based Microrobots for Active Cancer Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo4160","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abo4160","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Tract Drug Delivery Using Algae Motors Embedded in a Degradable Capsule","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9968","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b04128","article-title":"Magnetotactic Bacteria Powered Biohybrids Target E. coli Biofilms","volume":"11","author":"Stanton","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46407-4","article-title":"Spatially Selective Delivery of Living Magnetic Microrobots through Torque-Focusing","volume":"15","author":"Mirkhani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.137","article-title":"Magneto-Aerotactic Bacteria Deliver Drug-Containing Nanoliposomes to Tumour Hypoxic Regions","volume":"11","author":"Felfoul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19633","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c01742","article-title":"Magnetically Actuated Drug Delivery Helical Microrobot with Magnetic Nanoparticle Retrieval Ability","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107888","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202107888","article-title":"A Biodegradable Magnetic Microrobot Based on Gelatin Methacrylate for Precise Delivery of Stem Cells with Mass Production Capability","volume":"18","author":"Noh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq8545","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq8545","article-title":"Multifunctional Microrobot with Real-Time Visualization and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Chemoembolization Therapy of Liver Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Go","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000366","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000366","article-title":"Bioinspired Soft Microrobots with Precise Magneto-Collective Control for Microvascular Thrombolysis","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305205","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202305205","article-title":"A Soft Biodegradable Chitosan-Based Medical Microrobot with Optimized Structural Design and X-Ray Visibility for Targeted Vessel Chemoembolization","volume":"33","author":"Go","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301889","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202301889","article-title":"A Multidrug Delivery Microrobot for the Synergistic Treatment of Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106727","article-title":"Versatile Magnetic Hydrogel Soft Capsule Microrobots for Targeted Delivery","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12464","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12464","article-title":"Swarming Magnetic Photonic-Crystal Microrobots with on-the-Fly Visual pH Detection and Self-Regulated Drug Delivery","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14664","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202514664","article-title":"Magnetic Microrobot with Drilling-Sensing Dual Functionality for Targeted Biopsy of Deep-Seated Tracheal Microlesions","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadj0883","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj0883","article-title":"Modularized Microrobot with Lock-and-Detachable Modules for Targeted Cell Delivery in Bile Duct","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20697-w","article-title":"Ionic Shape-Morphing Microrobotic End-Effectors for Environmentally Adaptive Targeting, Releasing, and Sampling","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63231-6","article-title":"Biomimetic Magnetobacterial Microrobots for Active Pneumonia Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906908","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201906908","article-title":"Development of Magnet-Driven and Image-Guided Degradable Microrobots for the Precise Delivery of Engineered Stem Cells for Cancer Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000118","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000118","article-title":"Bilayer Hydrogel Sheet-Type Intraocular Microrobot for Drug Delivery and Magnetic Nanoparticles Retrieval","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27471","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c01087","article-title":"Magnetically Actuated Helical Microrobot with Magnetic Nanoparticle Retrieval and Sequential Dual-Drug Release Abilities","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/OJNANO.2020.2981824","article-title":"Ultrasound Imaging and Tracking of Micro\/Nanorobots: From Individual to Collectives","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadt8887","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt8887","article-title":"Real-Time Color Flow Mapping of Ultrasound Microrobots","volume":"11","author":"Dillinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaea5126","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea5126","article-title":"Real-Time near-Infrared II Fluorescence Navigation of Magnetic Nanorobots for Image-Guided Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Dai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2301126","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301126","article-title":"Designing Covalent Organic Framework-Based Light-Driven Microswimmers toward Therapeutic Applications","volume":"35","author":"Sridhar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18382","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202518382","article-title":"Liquid Metal Microrobots for Magnetically Guided Transvascular Navigation","volume":"38","author":"Ju","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c07830","article-title":"Real-Time Ultrasound Doppler Tracking and Autonomous Navigation of a Miniature Helical Robot for Accelerating Thrombolysis in Dynamic Blood Flow","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300590","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300590","article-title":"Motion Enhanced Multi-Level Tracker (MEMTrack): A Deep Learning-Based Approach to Microrobot Tracking in Dense and Low-Contrast Environments","volume":"6","author":"Sawhney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almaghthawi, A., He, C., Luo, S., Alam, F., Roshanfar, M., and Cheng, L. (2025). Benchmarking Robust AI for Microrobot Detection with Ultrasound Imaging. Actuators, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/act15010016"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-22-430","article-title":"High-Resolution and High-Speed 3D Tracking of Microrobots Using a Fluorescent Light Field Microscope","volume":"13","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300737","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300737","article-title":"Real-Time Micromotor Probe for Immune Neutrophil Activation State","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21243","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202521243","article-title":"Real-Time Digital Micromotor Tracking-Enabled Ultrasensitive Immunoassay","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400926","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400926","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Bowel Cancer Detection through Vibrating Microrobot-Induced Elastography","volume":"7","author":"Bickerdike","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08636","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202508636","article-title":"Self-Propelled Magnetic Micromotor-Functionalized DNA Tile System for Autonomous Capture of Circulating Tumor Cells in Clinical Diagnostics","volume":"12","author":"Pu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204931","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204931","article-title":"A Magnetically and Electrically Powered Hybrid Micromotor in Conductive Solutions: Synergistic Propulsion Effects and Label-Free Cargo Transport and Sensing","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65459-8","article-title":"Soft Magnetic Microrobots with Remote Sensing and Communication Capabilities","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18838","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202518838","article-title":"4D-Printed Microrobots with Synergistic Integration of Magnetic Actuation, Diffractive Optical Sensing, and pH-Adaptive Morphing","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.31635\/ccschem.025.202506078","article-title":"Single-Cell Microgel Microrobot for Targeted and Imaging-Guided Cell Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"CCS Chem."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400230","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400230","article-title":"Multimodal Imaging, Drug Delivery, and on-Board Triggered Degradation in Soft Capsule Rolling Microrobots","volume":"6","author":"Doineau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11443","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04930","article-title":"A Human Microrobot Interface Based on Acoustic Manipulation","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2024.3379226","article-title":"Automatic Control of Magnetic Helical Microrobots for On-Plane Docking","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Z., Li, Z., Fang, L., Kim, H., and Cheang, U.K. (2026). Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance of Metamorphic Microrobots Using Concentric Sector Navigator. Adv. Intell. Syst., e70466.","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.70466"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2024.100626","article-title":"Magnetic Swarm Intelligence of Mass-Produced, Programmable Microrobot Assemblies for Versatile Task Execution","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Device"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00779-2","article-title":"Autonomous 3D Positional Control of a Magnetic Microrobot Using Reinforcement Learning","volume":"6","author":"Abbasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2025.3562452","article-title":"Deep Learning-Based Automatic Control of Magnetic Diatom Biohybrid Microrobots for Targeted Delivery","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/9\/1048\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:29:15Z","timestamp":1788496155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/9\/1048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["mi17091048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi17091048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}