{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:16:49Z","timestamp":1788455809982,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kashi University, Xinjiang"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/055a4rj94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a 4 \u00d7 4 planar helical antenna (PHA) array fed by a three-dimensional substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) power splitter is presented. The 4 \u00d7 4 array is composed of four 1 \u00d7 4 PHA subarrays, and each subarray is fed by the SIW power splitter. Since the helical antenna is end-fire, it could not be integrated into a 4 \u00d7 4 array in a 2-D plane. In order to realize a 4 \u00d7 4 array, a SIW twist vertical transition structure is designed to connect the subarray with the SIW power splitter. Finally, the proposed 4 \u00d7 4 helical antenna array is implemented and fabricated for measurement. The center frequency of the PHA is 11 GHz, the impedance bandwidth (IBW) is 10.16\u201311.99 GHz (16.64%), and the axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) is 10.53\u201311.47 GHz with the peak gain of 18.44 dBi. The simulation and measurement results match each other well; therefore, the effectiveness of the proposed design is verified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:21:21Z","timestamp":1788452481000},"page":"1055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-Dimensional Helical Antenna Array with Circular Polarization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kecheng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9457-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2023.3248794","article-title":"An Ultraminiature Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna with MIM Capacitors","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2024.3360271","article-title":"Quad-Mode Dual-Band Dual-Sense Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3115802","article-title":"A Low-Profile Dual-Circularly Polarized Wide-Axial-Ratio-Beamwidth Slot Patch Antenna with Six-Port Feeding Network","volume":"20","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2020.2987330","article-title":"A High-Gain Circularly Polarized Slotted Patch Antenna","volume":"19","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2024.3428862","article-title":"Compact Ultrawideband Circularly Polarized Crossed-Dipole Antenna with Post Fence and Parasitic Elements","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2024.3398221","article-title":"A Circularly Polarized Antenna Based on Narrowed Crossed Dipole for Smartphone Satellite Communication","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2207343","article-title":"Axial ratio bandwidth enhancement of 60-GHz substrate integrated waveguide-fed circularly polarized LTCC antenna array","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2601900","article-title":"High-gain low-profile circularly polarized slot ted SIW cavity antenna for MMW applications","volume":"16","author":"Asaadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2020.3015745","article-title":"A Millimeter-Wave (V-Band) Dual-Circular-Polarized Horn Antenna Based on an Inbuilt Monogroove Polarizer","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2024.3409419","article-title":"A Wideband Dual-Circularly Polarized Inverted Quad-Ridged Elliptical Waveguide Horn Antenna","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3016503","article-title":"A Single-Turn Stacked Spiral Antenna with Ultrawide Bandwidth and Compact Size","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2163759","article-title":"A Wideband Circularly Polarized Conical Beam From a Two-Arm Spiral Antenna Excited in Phase","volume":"59","author":"Nakano","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3125365","article-title":"Investigation of Axial Mode Dielectric Helical Antenna","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2180351","article-title":"60-GHz LTCC Integrated Circularly Polarized Helical Antenna Array","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3131636","article-title":"A SIW-Fed Double-Helix Antenna with Broadband Circular Polarization for MMW Applications","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2463746","article-title":"Planar Helical Antenna of Circular Polarization","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cao, B., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Zheng, J., Sun, C., and Huang, Y. (2014, January 4\u20137). LTCC Helical Antenna Array with Substrate Integrated Horn. Proceedings of the 2014 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Sendai, Japan."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2020.3002343","article-title":"Low-Cost Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized Planar Integrated Magneto-Electric Dipole and Its Arrays with Low-Profile Feeding Structures","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3092139","article-title":"Low-Profile Wideband Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized Antenna with Hexagonal Parasitic Patches","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2025.3621273","article-title":"Planar Circularly Polarized Endfire Antenna Arrays with Wide Axial Ratio Bandwidth Based on Slotted Substrate Integrated Waveguide","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2025.3526423","article-title":"A Wideband Low-Profile Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized Array Using Asymmetric Aperture Radiating Element","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T.-H., Lee, S.-G., Ryu, S.-B., Pyo, S., and Wu, K. (2026). Circularly Polarized X-Band Fan-Beam Antenna and Its Application to Offset Reflector Systems. Sensors, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/s26041301"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Li, X.-C., and Keezer, D. (2025). Differential-Fed Wideband Circularly Polarized SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna Array. Electronics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14122389"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1702231","article-title":"Radiation field of a square, helical beam antenna","volume":"23","author":"Knudsen","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"429","article-title":"Square helical antenna with a dielectric core","volume":"30","author":"Casey","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2010.2081211","article-title":"Planar helix with straight-edge connections in the presence of multilayer dielectric substrates","volume":"57","author":"Chua","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kraus, D.J., and Marhefka, R.J. (2002). Antennas: For All Applications, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y.J., and Xuan, Z.J. (2017, January 1\u20133). Two-dimensional beam scanning antenna array with 90-degree SIW twist. Proceedings of the 2017 International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas, Innovative Structures, and Applications (iWAT), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWAT.2017.7915375"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahoo, S.K., Adhikary, M., Biswas, A., and Akhtar, M.J. (2019, January 19\u201322). GCPW to SIW Transition for Planar Excitation of Ku-Band Substrate Integrated End-Fire Antennas. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Indian Conference on Antennas and Propogation (InCAP), Ahmedabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/InCAP47789.2019.9134585"}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/9\/1055\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:27:12Z","timestamp":1788452832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/17\/9\/1055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["mi17091055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi17091055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]}}}