{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:12:27Z","timestamp":1789017147522,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002635","name":"INHA UNIVERSITY","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002635","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01easw929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable electronics, particularly dry epidermal electrodes, provide human-connected interfaces for recording biopotential signals. However, their practical utility is often hindered by their limited operational longevity and the resulting environmental burden of electronic waste, as most conventional electrodes are discarded after a single use because of performance degradation. Herein, a reusable, soft, and conductive epidermal electrode is reported, fabricated through the precise incorporation of functional additives. By intentionally modulating the polymer chain architecture, a homogeneous composite is developed that exhibits exceptional flexibility, high conductivity (~100 S\/cm), softness (~649 kPa), and stretchability (~234%). This molecular-level design promotes strong intermolecular interactions at the skin\u2013electrode interface, facilitating persistent adhesion and conformability to challenging surfaces, including wet, wrinkled, and stretched skin. These properties enable reliable electrocardiography acquisition through 50 repeated attachment and detachment cycles, over which a commercial Ag\/AgCl gel electrode became unmeasurable after 20. The applicability of the electrode to human\u2013machine interfaces is further demonstrated by capturing clear electromyography signals of muscle activity during a rock\u2013paper\u2013scissors game. This low-modulus electrode platform offers a route towards repeated-use wearable healthcare systems and soft-robotics applications, with the potential to reduce the waste associated with single-use electrodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:46:33Z","timestamp":1788875193000},"page":"1066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reusable and Soft Self-Adhesive Epidermal Electrodes for Human Skin Enabled by Functional Additives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5719-198X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungmin","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1741-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sensor Systems, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5646-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuljin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sensor Systems, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dae Yu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Sensor Systems, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Inha Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504150","article-title":"Recent Advances in Flexible and Stretchable Bio-Electronic Devices Integrated with Nanomaterials","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. 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