{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:06:33Z","timestamp":1788944793627,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Committee","award":["JCYJ20220818103010021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220818103010021"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Scientific Institution Incentive Performance Guiding Special Projects","award":["CSTB2024JXJL-YFX0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024JXJL-YFX0034"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Scientific Institution Incentive Performance Guiding Special Projects","award":["CSTB2024JXJL-YFX0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024JXJL-YFX0065"]}]},{"name":"Preparation of a Programmable High-Power Constant Current Electromagnetic Launcher","award":["2023YFF0718001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0718001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquatic heavy metal pollution poses substantial risks to ecological systems and human health, attributable to the toxic properties and bioaccumulative behaviors of metallic ions, including Hg[II], Zn[II], and ion mixtures. A novel SPR sensing chip based on a Ag-BiFeO3-MoS2\u2013graphene hybrid structure is proposed and analyzed for detection of metal ion mixtures. Systematic tuning is implemented for Ag and BiFeO3 film thicknesses to boost the overall sensing capability, aiming to acquire minimized reflectance together with favorable detection sensitivity. Following this step, we investigate how different quantities of MoS2 and graphene layers affect the sensing properties of the SPR biosensor. Analytical outcomes demonstrate that configurations adopting monolayer MoS2 and graphene achieve the maximum phase sensitivity. Moreover, the optimized SPR chip architecture achieves sensing sensitivity two orders of magnitude greater than conventional sensor setups. Numerical investigations are further carried out to evaluate the sensor\u2019s response toward various heavy metal ion species. The maximal sensitivity of 1.599 \u00d7 106 deg\/RIU is realized when detecting Zn[II]. Under this optimal structural setup, the spatial electric field distributions responding to variations in the refractive index of the sensing medium are also characterized. The remarkable sensitivity of the presented sensor configuration makes it a more competitive choice for deployment in further biological detection scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:05:43Z","timestamp":1788941143000},"page":"1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanomaterial-Based SPR Sensing Chip for Detection of Metal Ion Mixtures in Aquatic Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Underground Space and Energy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Underground Space and Energy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8857-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing 401123, China"},{"name":"College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Underground Space and Energy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-018-0296-7","article-title":"Variation of heavy metal accumulation in certain landscaping plants due to traffic density","volume":"22","author":"Turkyilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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