{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T05:01:47Z","timestamp":1789794107963,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020196","name":"George Fox University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GFU2023G10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFU2023G10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["GFU2023G10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFU2023G10"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00w641b14","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart-on-a-chip (HoC) platforms represent a cutting-edge convergence of microfluidics and cellular biology, designed to imitate the complex physiological, electrical, and mechanical environments of a human heart. HoC devices are used to culture and observe cardiac cells in a highly customizable environment while allowing for real-time observations. However, current HoC systems face critical translational bottlenecks. Most notably, laboratory-grown cardiomyocytes consistently exhibit structural and functional immaturity and a lack of cellular complexity. This review evaluates recent engineering and biological strategies engineered to address these limitations. We dissect advancements in multicellular co-culture, biomimetic electrical\/mechanical stimulation regimes, and microvascular fabrication techniques aimed at driving functional cell maturation. Finally, we highlight current cardiac model applications, existing challenges, and future perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:10:23Z","timestamp":1789373423000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recent Developments, Applications, and Future Prospects of Advanced Hearts-on-a-Chip"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aerin","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurnho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taehong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Staley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8562-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngbok (Abraham)","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, July 02). 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